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• 64. What is the precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis produced by the pentose phosphat
• 65. How many molecules of CO2 are released during each cycle of the citric acid cycle? (A) 1 (B) 2 (
• 66. Which electron carriers hold most of the oxidation energy during the citric acid cycle? (A) ATP
• 67. Which of the following is NOT true regarding ion channels? (A) Neurotoxins only inhibit ion chan
• 68. What is the site of photosynthesis in algae and plants? (A) Chloroplasts (B) Mitochondria (C) En
• 69. What is the final stage of the oxidative pathway for fatty acid oxidation? (A) Citric acid cycle
• 70. What is apoptosis? (A) Uncontrolled cell division leading to tumor formation (B) A type of mutat
• 71. What is the important role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in numerous metabolic path
• 72. In which type of tissue is electron transfer uncoupled from ATP synthesis, leading to the dissip
• 73. Where does glycolysis occur? (A) Cytosol (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Nucleus (D) Mitochondria
• 74. How NADH enters to mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation? (A) They diffuse through the inne
• 75. Which of the following organelles carries out β-oxidation in animals? (A) Mitochondria (B) Perox
• 76. How does glycogen enter glycolysis? (A) Directly as glucose 6-phosphate (B) Through direct hydro
• 77. How are the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle interconnected? (A) Both cycles share the same
• 78. In which organs does gluconeogenesis primarily occur in mammals? (A) Brain, muscles, and erythro
• 79. Which of the following is responsible for reducing molecular O2 to H2O in the respiratory chain
• 80. Which of the following metal ions in heme can bind oxygen reversibly? (A) Fe2+ (B) Mg2+ (C) Ca2+
• 23. Which of the following pairs is interconverted in the process of mutarotation? (A) D-glucose and
• 24. The biochemical property of lectins that is the basis for most of their biological effects is th
• 25. The citric acid cycle is considered part of aerobic metabolism even though oxygen does not appea
• 26. Immobilized metal affinity chromatograpby (IMAC) is an important tool for recombinant protein pu
• 27. N-linked glycosylation is a common form of post-translational modification. Which of the followi
• 28. PNGase F is the most effective enzyme for removing N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins
• 29. Which of the following statements about the Bohr effect regarding hemoglobin's oxygen bindi
• 30. Most covalent catalysis is carried out by enzymes using a: (A) ping-pong kinetic mechanism. (B)