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• 4. Which complex in the respiratory chain does NOT direct increase the electrochemical proton gradie
• 5. What type of interaction is decisive in protein and nucleic acid folding? (A) Covalent bonds (B)
• 6. Which of the following carbohydrate is NOT a homopolysaccharide? (A) Starch (B) Peptidoglycan (C)
• 7. What buffer systems can maintain intracellular and extracellular fluids at their optimum pH in ce
• 2. FLAG-tag is often introduced to a protein for Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, or recombina
• 8. Which of the following carbohydrates is non-reducing? (A) Glucose (B) Fructose (C) Lactose (D) Su
• 3. Which of the following amino acids contains a β-branched side chain? (A) Alanine (B) Glutamate (C
• 4. Which statement is true regarding solutes that are soluble in water? (A) The solute must be ionic
• 9. Histidine has the following pKa values: pK1 = 1.82, pK2 = 9.17, pKR = 6.0 Give the net charge of
• 5. The ion channel that opens in response to acetylcholine is an example of a _________signal trans
• 10. Which protein is involved in some neurodegenerative diseases? (A) Albumin (B) Amyloid (C) Hemogl
• 6.All of the following statements are true about free fatty acids released from adipose (A) Fatty ac
• 11. Which amino acids do NOT exist in stereoisomeric forms? (A) Glycine (B) Alanine (C) Aspartic aci
• 7. The synthesis of both glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols involves (A) serine. (B) phospha
• 12. How are defective proteins degraded? (A) They are degraded by proteasomes, which are not highly
• 8. In the normal oxidation of an odd chain fatty acid, all of the following would be part of the pr
• 13. How are amino acids classified based on their R group? (A) According to their size (B) According
• 9. Which of the following is not true regarding ketone bodies? (A) Ketone bodies form during the ca
• 14. Which of the following is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to an ant
• 10. Regarding the mechanism for the control of the adenylate cyclase, which statement is incorrect?
• 15. Which of the following chromatographic procedures is NOT used to separate proteins? (A) Ion-exch
• 16. Which of the following is true about protein targeting in eukaryotic cells? (A) Signal sequences
• 11. Which statement is correct? (A) The biosynthesis of dNTPs uses NTPs as the source. (B) The overa
• 17. How does electrophoresis separate proteins? (A) By differences in their primary structure (B) By
• 12. Glutamate is metabolically converted to o-ketoglutarate and NH4' by a process described as: