二、PRE-SHIPMENT SURVEYSPre-shipment surveys are inspections of the cargo or the compartment where it will bestowed before loading. The intention of the survey will vary depending on who calls for it.Shipowners and their P&I clubs will call for pre-shipment surveys where they know thatlarge cargo claims are likely to arise. The intention of the survey is then to make sure thatthe exact condition of the cargo on loading is specified on the bills of lading, and that duecare has been taken in preparing the ship for the cargo. They can then more easily refutedamage claims. Underwriters for the cargo may call for a warranty survey when high valuecargo is to be shipped.（20 分）