請翻譯以下兩段英文為中文(共二題,總分100分)

【題組】 1. Empiricists are in general rather suspicious with respect to any kind of abstractentities like properties, classes, relations, numbers, propositions, etc. Theyusually feel much more in sympathy with nominalists than with realists (in themedieval sense). As far as possible they try to avoid any reference to abstractentities and to restrict themselves to what is sometimes called a nominalisticlanguage, i.e., one not containing such references. However, within certainscientific contexts it seems hardly possible to avoid them. In the case ofmathematics, some empiricists try to find a way out by treating the whole ofmathematics as a mere calculus, a formal system for which no interpretation isgiven or can be given. Accordingly, the mathematician is said to speak notabout numbers, functions, and infinite classes, but merely about meaninglesssymbols and formulas manipulated according to given formal rules. ...Recently the problem of abstract entities bas arisen again in connection withsemantics, the theory of meaning and truth. Some semanticists say that certainexpressions designate certain entities, and among these designated entitiesthey include not only concrete material things but also abstract entities, e.g.properties as designated by predicates and propositions as designated bysentences. Others object strongly to this procedure as violating the basicprinciples of empiricism and leading back to a metaphysical ontology of thePlatonic kind. (Rudolf Carap, "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology."") (哲學小辭典:empiricism經驗論；nominalism名相論；realism實在論；semantics語意學.)(60%)