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Fig. 1. Methods used to construct SMAA complexes to form multivalent immunogens. (a) Different mAbs are attached to independent solid matrices prior to the binding of antigens. The resulting SMAA complexes are mixed together before they are used as immunogens. (b) Different mAbs are attached to the same solid matrix prior to the formation of the SMAA complexes. (c)A single mAb that recognizes a target antigen, which may be attached to different microbial antigens, is used in the construction of SMAA complexes (see text). (d) The same method as panel(b) except that additional mAbs (for example ...