Article 5                          (Source: Trends in Food Science and Technology, 2020)        Due to the imminent danger presented by the rapidly spreading COVID-19, viableprophylactic and therapeutic measures which can be deveioped and applied at the levelof the general public are being sought after. This urgent requirement for a solution arereflected on the individual level by an unprecedcnted rise in consumer sales ofsupplementary nutrients, nutraceutical products and functional foods which wereconsidered to be effective against intluenza and SARS virus, have been on the frontburner during this pandemic.        Such findings are consistent with Google and Tastewise research whichdemonstrated there is rising trend for vitamin C, D, zinc, elderberry, rosemary.echinacea, melatonin, phospbatidylserine, collagen, and mushrooms. Although,consumers are seeking to use any functional food that is used self-nedicating theitmoods. As data from in vitro studies accumulates, several viable mechanistic targetsfor combatting COVID-19 are evident. These include those targeting specific elementsof the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including the spike protein (S), the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase, the membrane protein (M), the envelope protein
(E), the NTPase/helicase.required for virus budding and SARS-CoV main protease (3CL protease) are gainingpopularity to prevent the entrance of CoV into the cells of the hurnan body.        Whilst it was initially thought that children were not as susceptible to infectionwith virulent strains COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates, infants andchildren have been reported. The first report of COVID-19 infection in children camefrom the USA and comprised of a sample of infants and children aged between 2 monthsand 15 years. Following this, this first incidence of child mortality resulting fromCOVID-19 came from Iran's North Khorasan province, on March 24, 2020. Thisreceived significant attention from global media and heightened interest in the relativelycost-effective and realistic solutions being suggested in the field of pediatric nutrition.In this connection, breastfeeding represents an important prophylactic agent against ahost of communicable and non-communicable diseases, and also has well-cstablishedtherapeutic effects. This message has been clearly communicated by the media andbreastfeeding has subsequently been reported to be significantly more popular amongstmothers than in previous years. It is well-known that breastmilk transmits antibodiesfrom the mother and that this confers enhanced immunity against likely microbialexposures to the newly bomn infant. It has recently been shown that secretoryimmunoglobulin A which constitutes 90% of the immunoglobulins content inbreastmilk, plays an important role in the immune response against COVID-19. Theimportance ce so secretory immunoglobulin A has also been demonstrated in other viralinfections, such as infection with the rotavirus； the human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV), the norovirus, the herpes simplex viruses, echoviruses 6 and 9, and polioviruses1,2 and 3. Finally, there is data to suggest that the risk of viral infection with COVID19 in infants changes according to the duration of breastfeeding episodes. Shortepisodes appear to represent a negative independent risk factor for infection and it is inthis connection that WHO have issued guidelines for breastfeeding at home and in ahospital setting.
【題組】31. Due to the rapid spreading of COVID-19, people seek for dietary supplements thatmay prevent them from getting sick. Which one of the prophylactic and therapeuticeffect is not considered an urgent need for consumer during the crisis?
(A) antiviralproperties
(B) immune response enhancement
(C) aging delay
(D) Respiratoryprotection.