PART ONE: Reading Comprehension: read the following passage, then choose the appropriateanswer to the questions below Conly I answer is possible and correct). (Total: 40%)                                                 Educational Philosophies Philosophy of Education is a label applied to the study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals ofeducation. It can be considered a branch h of both philosophy and education. Education can be defined asthe teaching and learning of specific skills, and the imparting of knowledge, judgment and wisdom, andis something broader than the societal institution of education we often speak of. Many educationalists consider it a weak and woolly field, too far remo oved from the practical applicationsof the real world to be useful. But philosophers dating back to Plato and the Ancient Greeks have giventhe area much thought and emphasis, and there is little doubt that their work has helped shape thepractice of education over the millennia. Plato is the carliest important educational thinker, and education is an csscntial element in "TheRepublic" (his most important work on philosophy and political theory, written around 360 B.C.). In it,he advocates some rather extreme methods: removing children from their mothers' care and raising themas wards of the state, and differentiating children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving themost education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. He believed thateducation should be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, music and art. Plato believed thattalent and intelligence is not distributed genetically and thus is to be found in children born to allclassess. Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated ineducation, the ultimate aim of which should be to produce good and virtuous us citizens. He proposed thatteachers lead their students systematically, and that repetition be used as a key tool to develop goodhabits, unlike Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas. He emphasizedthe balancing of the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught, among which he explicitlymentions reading, writing, mathematics, music, physical cducation, literature, history, and a wide rangeof sciences, as well as play, which he also considered important. During the Medieval period, the idea of Perennialism was first formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas in hiswork "De Magistro". Perennialism holds that one should teach those things deemed to be of everlastingimportance to all people everywhere, namely principles and reasoning, not just facts (which are apt tochange over time), and that one should teach first about people, not machines or techniques. It wasoriginally religious in nature, and it was only much later that a theory of secular perennialism developed.During the Renaissance, the French skeptic Michel de Montaigne (1533 - 1592) was one of the first tocritically look at education. Unusually for his time, Montaigne was willing to question the conventionalwisdom of the period, calling into question the whole edifice of the educational system, and the implicitassumption that university-educated philosophers were necessarily wiser than uneducated farm workers,for example.
【題組】Question 1. What is the difference between the approaches of Socrates and Aristotle? [8%]
(A)Aristotle felt the need for repetition to develop good habits in students; Socrates felt that studentsneed to be constantly questioned.
(B)Aristotle felt the need for rote-learning; Socrates emphasized on dialogic learning.
(C) There was no difference.
(D) Aristotle emphasized on the importance of paying attention to human nature; Socratesemphasized upon science