請依下文回答第 11 題至第 15 題      For more than ten years, sociologist Martin Jankowski did participant observation of thirty-seven gangsin Boston, Los Angeles, and New York City.   11   stereotypes, Jankowski did not find that the motive forjoining was to escape from a broken home because there were as many members from     12    as from brokenhomes. Neither did Jankowski find that they joined to seek a substitute family since as many boys said they wereclose to their families as said they were not. Rather, the boys joined to gain access to money, to have   13   , suchas girls and drugs, to maintain anonymity in committing crimes, to get protection, and to help the community.This last reason may seem surprising, but in some neighborhoods, gangs protect residents from outsiders. Theboys also saw the gang as a(n)   14   to the dead-end jobs held by their parents.      Neighborhood residents are   15     about gangs. On the one hand, they fear the violence. On the otherhand, many adults once belonged to gangs, and stated that since gang members are the children of people wholive in the neighborhood, they often provide better protection than the police.
【題組】11
(A) Owing to
(B) As a result of
(C) In opposition to
(D) In agreement with