III. Test Making: (30%) Task 1: Please summarize the following passage into an article of around 200 words.(20%) Task 2: Please number and underline four of the sentences in your summary to make acoherence test (篇章結構) for 12th graders, and briefly explain (50 words maximum) your  choices. (10%)  If you’re reading this, then congratulations, because you are studying English!You have made noteworthy progress to reach this level, too! However, you mightthink that English is not as important as your native language and mightwonder why we study English. First of all, English is an immensely popularlanguage worldwide. According to a piece of research on English usersconducted in 2018, there are 378 million native speakers and 743 millionnon-native speakers in the world. Indeed, non-native English speakers are twiceas numerous as native speakers! Second, English is important, considering it’san official language of 59 different countries and serves as the most prominentlanguage of business communication, technological society, and the Internet. Inshort, people who study English not only enhance their job prospects but alsohave a passport to the world of music, cinema, television, news, and much more.Perhaps a better question then is: Why NOT study English? Like other languages, English has an extensive and fascinating history. TheEnglish we speak and use today originated from West Germanic languages.Back in the 5th century A.D., three Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons, andJutes, sailed across the North Sea from continental Europe looking for newlands to conquer. What these aggressive tribes did was invade Britain, and thenthey forced the inhabitants there to move west and north. Over time, theirinfluence made their Germanic dialects become dominant, and what werecognize as Old English began to emerge. The evolution of English has thus far taken place over the course of more than1,400 years, and it can be divided into four periods: Old English, MiddleEnglish, Modern English, and Late Modern English. Old English existed fromaround 450 to 1100. While it was vastly different from the language we usepresently, some words like “drink,” “food,” and “strong” have managed tosurvive. Next, Middle English, which lasted from around 1100 to 1500,corresponded with the influence of the conquering Normans who invadedEngland from France in 1066. Whoever spoke French during this period wasthought to be more civilized and have higher social status. Therefore, manyFrench words related to art, law, and government were adapted for use, such as“painting,” “justice,” and “empire.” Modern English, which was used from about1500 to 1800, borrowed in turn from Latin, giving us words like “concept,”“laboratory,” and “predict.” During this period, literacy increased and printingpresses soon made books cheaper and more available. Since London had morepublishing houses than other locations, its dialect became the standard. Finally,Late Modern English has been in use since around 1800. It has been influencedin part by the Industrial Revolution, which required new words applicable totechnological advancements. Furthermore, British colonization not onlyaccelerated the spread of English around the globe but also led to the elaborateborrowing of many foreign words we use today like “koala” and “pajamas.”With so many speakers around the world, English continues to evolve. Forinstance, there are regional variations like New Zealand English, or Kiwinglish,named for the country’s national bird. Kiwinglish is influenced by the languageof the Maori, New Zealand’s indigenous people. Words like kia ora, which means“hello,” and puku, which means “belly,” are borrowed from Maori. Singapore iseven more diverse than New Zealand, and Singaporean English, or Singlish,mirrors the city-state’s multicultural population. Singlish borrows words fromMalay, Chinese, and Hokkien. Thus, Singlish speakers often use lah and mah,both of which are particles attached to the end of the sentences, making it quitedistinct from other types of English.        As you can see, English has evolved over time into the language we use today.The different types of English spoken and utilized around the world reflect thedistinct cultures in which they have developed. However, there’s also theunifying nature of English that has made it the universal language of business,the academic world, and popular culture. In conclusion, English is both uniqueand common. So, keep studying it, and with English, you can interact andcommunicate with the world all the time. (三民版第五冊第五課)