【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】機票行程為TPE→HKG→BKK→SIN→TPE，其行程種類為何？(A)CT(B)OW(C)RT(D)WT
【評論內容】
母代碼是全球通用和解讀，子代碼是每家航空公司都自己設定。普遍為：-經濟艙母代碼：Y經濟艙子代碼：B, E, H, K, L, M, N, O, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y商務艙母代碼：C商務艙子代碼：D, J, I, Z頭等艙母代碼：F頭等艙子代碼：A, P樓上大大說的跟IATA教我的有點出入哦！OW - One Way = 臺北 - 香港 （臺北飛往香港） RW - Round Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途停留點不超過1個。簡單來説就是雙程機票啦~= =CT - Circle Trip = 臺北 - 香港 - 紐約 - 倫敦 - 臺北 （臺北飛往香港，從香港飛紐約，從紐約飛往倫敦，從倫敦回臺北）一樣的出發點和終點，中途有多個停留點。OJ - Open Jaw = 1）...
【評論主題】【題組】18. (A) to (B) with (C) in (D) for
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】【題組】20. (A) remnant (B) susurrus(C) comity(D)nonage
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】【題組】19. (A) put up with (B) break out of (C) live up to(D) come down to
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】【題組】18. (A) to (B) with (C) in (D) for
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】【題組】17. (A) resulted (B) result (C) resulting (D) being resulted
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】Il. Cloze Test : A and B are multiple choices, C is blank-filling A) Human language is made possible
【評論內容】
Human language is made possible by an impressive 16 (B) aptitude for vocal learning. Infants hear sounds and words, form memories of them, and later try to produce those sounds, improving as they grow up. Most animals cannot learn to imitate sounds at all. But among the scattering of nonhuman vocal learners across the branches of the bush of life, the most impressive are birds. Both birdsong and language are passed culturally to later generations through vocal learning. Geographically distant populations of the same bird species can make small tweaks to their songs over time, eventually 17 (C) resulting in a new dialect - a process similar 18 (C) in some ways to how humans develop different accents, dialects and languages. With all these similarities in mind, it's reasonable to ask if birds themselves have language. It may(D) come down to how we define it. "I wouldn't say they have language in the way linguistic experts define it," says neuroscientist Erich Jarvis of the Rockefeller University in New York City, and a coauthor of Hyland Bruno's paper on birdsong and language. But for scientists like Jarvis who study the neurobiology of vocal communication in birds, "I would say they have a (A) remnant or a rudimentary form of what we might call spoken language.
令人印象深刻的16 (B)聲樂學習能力使人類語言成為可能 。嬰兒聽到聲音和文字，形成對它們的記憶，然後嘗試產生這些聲音，隨著他們的成長而提高。大多數動物根本無法學會模仿聲音。但在生活灌木叢中散落的非人類發聲學習者中，最令人印象深刻的是鳥類。 鳥鳴和語言都通過聲樂學習在文化上傳遞給後代。隨著時間的推移，地理上相距遙遠的同種鳥類種群可以對它們的歌曲進行細微調整，最終 17 (C) 產生 一種新的方言 - 一個類似於 18 (C) 的過程 人類如何發展不同口音、方言和語言的一些方法。考慮到所有這些相似之處，詢問鳥類本身是否有語言是合理的。它可能（D）歸結為我們如何定義它。 “我不會說他們擁有語言專家定義的語言，”紐約市洛克菲勒大學的神經科學家埃里希賈維斯說，他是海蘭布魯諾關於鳥鳴和語言的論文的合著者。但是對於像賈維斯這樣研究鳥類聲音交流的神經生物學的科學家來說，“我會說他們有（A）殘餘或我們可能稱之為口語的基本形式。
【評論主題】Questions 46-50 The popular notion that the COVID-19 pandemic has been "good for the env
【評論內容】
The popular notion that the COVID-19 pandemic has been "good for the environment"--that nature is recovering while humanity stays at home–appeals to many people grasping for some upside to the global tragedy. Reality, though, may not cooperate with such hopes.
The benefits many found heartening early on--from cleaner air to birdsong newly audible as cars and planes went quiet-were always likely to be temporary. And with lockdowns easing, they have already begun to dissipate. Now, some experts fear that the world risks a future with more traffic, more pollution, and climate change that worsens faster than ever. It's too soon to know whether that gloomy scenario will play out, but concerning signs seem to be growing all around the world.【評論主題】Questions 36-40 The fishermen from small Curonian villages in Lithuania used to put their weat
【評論內容】
The fishermen from small Curonian villages in Lithuania used to put their weathervanes into a wooden frame and decorate__36._ with openwork carvings. This probably __37_ their liking to adorn their buildings - to decorate weather planks and fasten intricate embellishments _38_ horses or other objects on the roof ridge. The further artistic development of weathervanes was undoubtedly encouraged by the holiday-makers' attention and wish to acquire an original souvenir: This way the weathervanes started __39__ an increasing variety of colors and resort attributes - anchors, seagulls, lighthouses, or moose,__40__, unfortunately, loosing the symbols of the ancient mythology.
來自立陶宛庫爾斯小村莊的漁民過去常常將他們的風向標放入木框並用鏤空雕刻裝飾__36._ (B) 。這可能 __37_ (C) 源於 他們喜歡裝飾他們的建築物 - 裝飾擋風雨木板並在屋脊上固定複雜的裝飾物 _38_ (D) 形狀為 馬或其他物體。風向標的進一步藝術發展無疑受到了度假者的關注並希望獲得原創紀念品：這樣風向標開始 __39__ (A) 代表 越來越多的顏色和度假村屬性 - 錨、海鷗、燈塔或駝鹿，__40__ (B) 但是，不幸的，失去了古代神話的象徵。
【評論主題】30. Allen: I reading a book.Mr. Scott: I am reading a book.What type of oral correction does Mr. Sco
【評論內容】
A recast is a technique used in language teaching to correct learners' errors in such a way that communication is not obstructed. To recast an error, an interlocutor will repeat the error back to the learner in a corrected form. Recasts are used both by teachers in formal educational settings, and by interlocutors in naturalistic language acquisition.
【評論主題】Despite being fairly large and having an extremely broad range, the spottedsalamander is actually pr
【評論內容】
(A)When they mate.
They emerge from their subterranean hiding spots only at night to feed and during spring mating. They will actually travel long distances over land after a heavy rain to mate and lay their eggs in vernal pools and ponds.(B)The danger they cause.(C)The threat they face.
Spotted salamanders' numbers are generally stable throughout their range, but they are very sensitive to changes in their ecology, and rising water acidity in certain habitats is negatively affecting their population.(D)How they protect themselves.
Like many other salamanders, theysecrete a noxious, milky t...【評論主題】A polyglot is a person who can master numerous languages. If one speaks morethan six languages, he w
【評論內容】One theory suggests that a spike in a baby’s testosterone levels while in the uterus can increase brain asymmetry, while others have suggested that hard work and right type of motivation—which any adult can apply—are the key factors of polyglotism.
【評論主題】【題組】37What is the implication of the experimentconducted by the German and Austrian researchers?(A)D
【評論內容】Perhaps the most inventive way to get students to focus on the bigger picture ofwhat matters to them was introduced by a group of researchers from Germany and Austria in an article published in the European Journal of Social Psychology last year.They asked university students to think about their ancestors by drawing a family tree or by writing an essay imagining how their forebears lived and what advice they would givethem. The students who thought and wrote about their ancestors did better on subsequent intelligence tests than members of the control group (who were asked to think instead abo...
【評論主題】How do you gear yourself up for a big test, an important presentation, or any otherhigh-pressure sit
【評論內容】Research shows that reminding yourself how unimportant the event is in the big scheme of things is a better tactic, and psychologists have come up with a variety of innovative ways to help us do so.
【評論主題】9. I asked the museum’s press representatives what steps were being undertaken to improve traffic fl
【評論內容】(A) ameliorateto make a bad or unpleasant situation better使變好，改善，改進Foreign aid is badly needed to ameliorate the effects of the drought.急需外援以緩解乾旱造成的災情。(B) amplify(C) amendto change the words of a text, especially a law or a legal document修訂，修正，修改（法律文件等）MPs were urged to amend the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster.下院議員被敦促修訂該法律，以防止油輪洩漏災難再次發生。In line 20, "men" should be amended (= changed) to "people".第20行中的 men 應改為 people。Until the constitution is amended, the power to app...
【評論主題】Passage 2:There’s a strong prejudice in our society against romantic couples with a considerable age
【評論內容】
There’s a strong prejudice in our society against romantic couples with a considerable age difference. 6 (BC) Tabloids were abuzz when actor George Clooney announced he was marrying Amal Alamuddin, who is 17 years his junior. .And when Emmanuel Macron was elected president of France, many eyebrows were raised as it came to light that his wife Brigitte was 24 years older than him.
我們的社會對年齡差異很大的浪漫情侶存在強烈的偏見。當演員喬治克魯尼宣布與比他小 17 歲的阿邁勒阿拉姆丁結婚時，小報引起了轟動。當埃馬紐埃爾·馬克龍（Emmanuel Macron）當選法國總統時，他的妻子佈麗吉特比他大 24 歲的消息曝光後，許多人都皺起了眉頭。
【評論主題】10. The woman then reportedly got into a car with a gunman and drove away, which suggested she was a
【評論內容】(A) ameliorateto make a bad or unpleasant situation better使變好，改善，改進Foreign aid is badly needed to ameliorate the effects of the drought.急需外援以緩解乾旱造成的災情。(B) amplify(C) amendto change the words of a text, especially a law or a legal document修訂，修正，修改（法律文件等）MPs were urged to amend the law to prevent another oil tanker disaster.下院議員被敦促修訂該法律，以防止油輪洩漏災難再次發生。In line 20, "men" should be amended (= changed) to "people".第20行中的 men 應改為 people。Until the constitution is amended, the power to app...
【評論主題】II. Discourse Passage 1:Honking, tailgating and even being chased down by a car - every driver has e
【評論內容】
With car ownership growing in many parts of Southeast Asia, the region is finding itself increasingly plagued by road rage. 1 (AE) Bone-chilling examples have even been caught on camera, such as the motorcyclist fatally gunned down by a driver on a road in Manila, Philippines and the enraged motorist who emerged from his car wielding a machete in Johor, Malaysia .
隨著東南亞許多地區的汽車保有量增加，該地區發現自己越來越受到路怒症的困擾。甚至在鏡頭上也拍到了令人毛骨悚然的例子，例如在馬尼拉的道路上，摩托車手被一名司機開槍打死，而在馬來西亞柔佛，另外一個人揮舞著大砍刀從他的車裡出來。
【評論主題】4. She ______ great pressure on the government official for her own political gains.(A) refuted (B)
【評論內容】(C) exerted
【評論主題】3. While her account seems ______, I believe she’s withholding the key evidence from the police.(A)
【評論內容】3. While her account seems ______, I believe she's withholding the key evidence from the police.to refuse to give something or to keep back something拒絕給與；扣留to withhold information/support拒絕提供消息／給予支援During the trial, the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence from the defence.審判期間，原告被指控對被告隱瞞了十分重要的證據。Police are withholding the dead woman's name until her relatives have been informed.在通知女性死者的親屬之前，警方拒絕透露她的名字。She withheld her rent until the landlord agreed to have the repairs done.她拒...
【評論主題】2. Nearly all the tourists stood in awe of the ______ skyscraper built by the world-famous architect
【評論內容】
(D) imposing
having an appearance that looks important or causes admiration【評論主題】【題組】40.(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asi
【評論內容】
In 2006, the Kaohsiung branch of Taiwan’s High Court sentenced the school’s principal and two other officials to five months, four months and three months, respectively, in prison for “neglecting the degree of care required by their occupation.” (40)_____
2006年，台灣高等法院高雄分院以“忽視職業所需的照顧程度”為由，分別判處該校校長和另外兩名官員五個月、四個月和三個月有期徒刑。同年，台灣男女平等教育協會出版了一本紀念葉的書，題為《擁抱玫瑰男孩》。
(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asia, but its struggle for gender equality persists.(B) Then came the Gender Equity Education Act.(C) In the same year, the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association published a book in memory of Yeh, titled “Embracing the Rose Boy.”(D) As early as 2003, its Executive Yuan proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law.(E) That law is the Gender Equity Education Act, passed in 2004 in response to the controversial death of a junior high school student three years earlier.
【評論主題】【題組】39.(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asi
【評論內容】
(39)_____ It states that the “school shall provide a gender-fair learning environment, respect and give due consideration to students, faculty, and staff with a different gender, gender temperament, gender identity, and sexual orientation.”
然後是《性別平等教育法》，其中規定“學校應提供性別公平的學習環境，尊重和適當考慮不同性別、性別氣質、性別認同和性取向的學生、教職員工。 ”
(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asia, but its struggle for gender equality persists.(B) Then came the Gender Equity Education Act.(C) In the same year, the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association published a book in memory of Yeh, titled “Embracing the Rose Boy.”(D) As early as 2003, its Executive Yuan proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law.(E) That law is the Gender Equity Education Act, passed in 2004 in response to the controversial death of a junior high school student three years earlier.
【評論主題】【題組】38.(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asi
【評論內容】
(38)_____ Yeh Yung-Chih, whose body was found in a pool of blood, was bullied at school for being “effeminate.” Yeh’s death prompted Taiwan’s Ministry of Education to modify its Gender Equality Education Committee— literally “the committee of equality education of two sexes” — into the broader Gender Equity Education Committee to promote gender education beyond the two sexes.
該法律是《性別平等教育法》，於 2004 年通過，以應對三年前一名初中生有爭議的死亡事件。在血泊中發現屍體的葉永誌因“柔弱”而在學校被欺負。
(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asia, but its struggle for gender equality persists.(B) Then came the Gender Equity Education Act.(C) In the same year, the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association published a book in memory of Yeh, titled “Embracing the Rose Boy.”(D) As early as 2003, its Executive Yuan proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law.(E) That law is the Gender Equity Education Act, passed in 2004 in response to the controversial death of a junior high school student three years earlier.
【評論主題】【題組】37.(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asi
【評論內容】
(37)_____ In June, a legislator and several civic groups urged the government to work harder toward achieving such equality in schools, at an event marking the 15th anniversary of a law that raises gender awareness among students and protects the rights of young people regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation.
通過同性婚姻合法化，台灣可能成為亞洲最進步的地方，但其爭取性別平等的鬥爭仍在繼續。6 月，在一項旨在提高學生性別意識並保護青年人無論其性別身份的權利的法律頒布 15 週年的活動中，一名立法者和幾個民間團體敦促政府更加努力地在學校實現這種平等。或性取向。
(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asia, but its struggle for gender equality persists.(B) Then came the Gender Equity Education Act.(C) In the same year, the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association published a book in memory of Yeh, titled “Embracing the Rose Boy.”(D) As early as 2003, its Executive Yuan proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law.(E) That law is the Gender Equity Education Act, passed in 2004 in response to the controversial death of a junior high school student three years earlier.
【評論主題】Ⅳ. Discourse Like most of its Western counterparts, Taiwan’s long and arduous road to marri
【評論內容】
Like most of its Western counterparts, Taiwan’s long and arduous road to marriage equality begins at fundamental respect for human rights.(36)_____ However, the bill faced massive opposition from members of both the Cabinet (or the Executive Yuan Council, formed by the ruling Democratic Progressive Party) and the Legislative Yuan (controlled by the Kuomintang-led, pan-Blue coalition).
與大多數西方同行一樣，台灣通往婚姻平等的漫長而艱鉅的道路始於對人權的基本尊重。早在 2003 年，其行政院就根據人權基本法提出了准予同性婚姻的立法，但該法案遭到內閣（或由執政的民進黨組成的行政院委員會）成員的強烈反對。 ）和立法院（由國民黨領導的泛藍聯盟控制）。
(A) By legalizing same-sex marriage, Taiwan may have become the most progressive place in Asia, but its struggle for gender equality persists.(B) Then came the Gender Equity Education Act.(C) In the same year, the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association published a book in memory of Yeh, titled “Embracing the Rose Boy.”(D) As early as 2003, its Executive Yuan proposed legislation granting marriages to same-sex couples under the Human Rights Basic Law.(E) That law is the Gender Equity Education Act, passed in 2004 in response to the controversial death of a junior high school student three years earlier.
【評論主題】Ⅲ. Blank-filling（請忽略大小寫） The uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being imbedd
【評論內容】
The uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being imbedded in the fabric of tradition. This tradition itself is thoroughly alive and extremely changeable. An ancient statue of Venus, for example, stood in a different traditional context with the Greeks, who made it an object of veneration, than with the clerics of the Middle Ages, who viewed it as an (26)_____ idol.
藝術作品的獨特性與其嵌入傳統結構密不可分。這個傳統本身是徹底活的，而且是千變萬化的。例如，一尊古老的維納斯雕像與希臘人的傳統背景不同，希臘人將其視為崇拜的對象，而中世紀的神職人員則將其視為不祥的偶像。
(BD) ominous
【評論主題】Ⅱ. Cloze It took two cases of covid-19 to plunge Perth, the capital of Western Australia, int
【評論內容】
Australian states keep ordering snap lockdowns because they are nervous about more ___16___ strains of covid-19. Some of the world’s strictest border controls have generally held the virus at bay.
澳大利亞各州不斷下令快速封鎖，因為他們對更具傳染性的 covid-19 毒株感到緊張。世界上一些最嚴格的邊境管制措施總體上控制住了病毒。
contagious
【評論主題】【題組】25. (A) sacked (B) toiled (C) gabbed (D) jabbed
【評論內容】
Even when everyone is fully ___25___ , officials say that travelers may still need some form of quarantine. A poll in February found that 71% of Aussies want to keep the international border closed until the “public health crisis has passed.” On that basis, they will be cut off for some time.
官員們表示，即使每個人都被完全刺傷，旅行者可能仍需要某種形式的隔離。2 月份的一項民意調查發現，71% 的澳大利亞人希望在“公共衛生危機過去”之前保持國際邊界關閉。在此基礎上，它們將被切斷一段時間。
jabbed
to jab a needle/one's finger in or into sth./sb. 用針／用手指戳某物／某人
【評論主題】【題組】24. (A) terminate (B) precipitate (C) oscillate (D) vaccinate
【評論內容】
So when will Australia reopen to the rest of the world? The federal government has planned to ___24___ the adult population of 20m by October, but the roll-out is months behind schedule.
那麼澳大利亞甚麼時候才能對世界其他地方重新開放？聯邦政府原計劃在 10 月之前為 2000 萬成年人口接種疫苗，但推出時間比計劃晚了幾個月。
vaccinate
【評論主題】【題組】22. (A) once in a while (B) for its part (C) ex gratia (D) out of the blue
【評論內容】
The federal government, ___22___ , is asking for a sense of proportion. The quarantine hotels are “99.99% effective,” says the prime minister, Scott Morrison. Half a million people have passed through them, notes the health minister, Gret Hunt. He calls it “one of, if not the, most successful systems in the world.”
就聯邦政府而言，它要求有一種分寸感。總理斯科特·莫里森（Scott Morrison）說，隔離酒店“有效率為 99.99%”。衛生部長格雷格·亨特 (Greg Hunt) 指出，已有 500 萬人通過了它們。他稱其為“世界上最成功的系統之一”。
for its part
【評論主題】【題組】21. (A) as well as (B) in spite of (C) according to (D) owing to
【評論內容】
Another suggestion is to clamp down even harder on travel. Border controls ban residents from leaving ___21___ outsiders from coming in.
另一個建議是更加嚴格地限制旅行。邊境管制禁止居民離開，也禁止外人進入。
as well as
【評論主題】9. The Native Americans treated those European immigrants with every consideration andinsisted upon
【評論內容】
(A) estimated 估計的
(☆) ...
【評論主題】【題組】20. (A) envisages (B) insinuates (C) solaces (D) obviates
【評論內容】
Queensland hopes to build a quarantine facility in the small city of Toowoomba. Victoria ___20___ a “village-style environment” outside Melbourne.
envisages昆士蘭州希望在小城市圖文巴建立隔離設施。維多利亞設想了墨爾本以外的“鄉村式環境”。
【評論主題】【題組】19. (A) redeemed (B) adorned (C) enthralled (D) ventilated
【評論內容】
State leaders are hollering for an even tougher system. Most quarantine hotels are in big cities, so one idea is to send travelers to better- ___19___ sites in quieter spots.
國家領導人正在呼籲建立更嚴格的製度。大多數隔離酒店都在大城市，所以一個想法是將旅客送到更安靜的地方通風更好的地方。
ventilated
【評論主題】【題組】18. (A) rising (B) risen (C) raising (D) raised
【評論內容】
The latest breach in Perth started with a man who fell ill after his isolation had ended. He caught the virus in quarantine, from an infected traveler in another room, ___18___ fears about airborne transmission within hotels.
珀斯最近的一次違規行為始於一名男子在隔離結束後病倒。他在隔離期間從另一個房間的受感染旅客身上感染了病毒，這引發了人們對酒店內空氣傳播的擔憂。
raising
【評論主題】【題組】17. (A) slips through (B) fades away (C) wades through (D) rattles away
【評論內容】
Most foreigners are barred from entering the country, and returning citizens must quarantine for two weeks in guarded hotels. When a case of the virus ___17___ , state premiers throw up defenses.
大多數外國人被禁止進入該國，返回的公民必須在有保安的酒店隔離兩週。當一例病毒漏診時，各州州長都會提出辯護。
slips through
【評論主題】【題組】50.According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of
【評論內容】
50. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT(A) religious ceremonies(B) meeting places for the entire community(C) sites for commerce(D) burial sites
【評論主題】【題組】49.The phrase "charged with" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) passed on(B) exper
【評論內容】
49. The phrase "charged with" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) passed on(B) experienced at(C) interested in(D) assigned to
【評論主題】【題組】48.Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children
【評論內容】
48. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" (line 23)?(A) To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.(B) To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.(C) To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.(D) To provide an example of their religious rituals.
【評論主題】【題組】47.According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of t
【評論內容】
47. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?(A) The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.(B) The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.(C) The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.(D) The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.
【評論主題】【題組】46.According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of devel
【評論內容】
46. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?(A) About A.D. 400(B) Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 700(C) About A.D. 1200(D) In the sixteenth century
his complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America.
【評論主題】【題組】45.The word "supplanted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) conquered(B) preceded(
【評論內容】
45. The word "supplanted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) conquered(B) preceded(C) replaced(D) imitated
【評論主題】【題組】44.The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) producing(B) exchanging(
【評論內容】
44. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) producing(B) exchanging(C) transporting(D) loading
【評論主題】【題組】43.What does the term "Adena-Hopewell" (line 7) designate?(A) The early locations of t
【評論內容】
43. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell" (line 7) designate?(A) The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture(B) The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell culture(C) Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds(D) Two important trade routes in eastern North America
【評論主題】【題組】42.Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United State
【評論內容】
42. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?(A) The development of trade in North America(B) The establishment of permanent settlements(C) Conflicts with other Native American groups over land(D) A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains
【評論主題】Passage 2 The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained
【評論內容】
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of agriculture(B) The locations of towns and villages(C) The early people and cultures of the United States(D) The construction of burial mounds
【評論主題】【題組】40.The word "shielded" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) raised(B) protected(C) h
【評論內容】
40. The word "shielded" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) raised(B) protected(C) hatched(D) valued
【評論主題】【題組】39.According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when(A) their parents are away se
【評論內容】
39.【題組】39. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
(A) their parents are away searching for food
(B) their parents have many young to feed
(C) they are only a few days old
(D) they first become independent
The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself.
【評論主題】【題組】38.The word "it" in line 20 refers to(A) feeding(B) moment(C) young animal(D) size
【評論內容】
38. The word "it" in line 20 refers to(A) feeding(B) moment(C) young animal(D) size
【評論主題】【題組】37.The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) opportunity(B) advantage(C)
【評論內容】
37. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) opportunity(B) advantage(C) purpose(D) rest
For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants.
【評論主題】【題組】36.According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?(A) By storing
【評論內容】
36. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?(A) By storing food near their young.(B) By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.(C) By searching for food some distance from their nest.(D) By gathering food from a nearby water source.
Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
【評論主題】【題組】35.The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supplying(B) prepari
【評論內容】
35. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) supplying
(B) preparing
(C) building
(D) expanding
【評論主題】【題組】34.What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their youn
【評論內容】
34. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?(A) It is unknown among fish.(B) It is unrelated to the size of the young.(C) It is dangerous for the parents.(D) It is most common among mammals.
【評論主題】【題組】32.The author lists various animals in line 5 to(A) contrast the feeding habits of different typ
【評論內容】
32. The author lists various animals in line 5 to(A) contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals(B) describe the process by which mammals came to be defined(C) emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young(D) explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective
【評論主題】II. Reading comprehension Passage 1 All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for e
【評論內容】
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The care that various animals give to their offspring.(B) The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.(C) The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.(D) The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common. But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch. For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do not survive.
【評論主題】20.The brothers were_______after several years of estrangement.(A) reconciled (B) worrisome (C) anno
【評論內容】
20. The brothers were_______after several years of estrangement.
經經數年的失和，這對兄弟彼此和解!
(A) reconciled
和解
(B) worrisome
令人著急的；令人擔憂的
Alcohol and tobacco consumption by young people is especially worrisome because habits formed early are likely to persist.年輕人的吸煙飲酒問題特別令人擔心，因為那些早期形成的習慣很可能持續下去。【評論主題】18.Even in rural areas,_______are a thing of the past.(A) venues (B) distributors (C) districts (D)
【評論內容】
Even in rural areas,_______are a thing of the past.
即使在農村，屋外廁所也已成為過去。
(A) venues
(B) distributors
(C) districts
(D) outhouses
屋外的廁所
【評論主題】16.We can probably_______ a ten percent increase in the number of visitors.(A) facilitate (B) fuse (
【評論內容】
16. We can probably_______ a ten percent increase in the number of visitors.
在訪客量上，我們大概可以促進百分之十的成長。
(A) facilitate
(B) fuse
(C) elaborate
(D) contain
【評論主題】14.The large number of_______voters made predicting the election outcome difficult.(A) insecure (B)
【評論內容】
14. The large number of_______voters made predicting the election outcome difficult.
(A) insecure
靠不住
unreliable, untrustworthy, insecure【評論主題】12.A _______ of pottery found at the site proved to be of great age.(A) collation (B) shard (C) desi
【評論內容】
12. A _______ of pottery found at the site proved to be of great age.
(A) collation
(B) shard
碎片
(C) design
(D) vase
【評論主題】11.The committee decided to reassess the _______ signed five years earlier.(A) conference (B) obitua
【評論內容】
11. The committee decided to reassess the _______ signed five years earlier.
(A) conference
(B) obituary
n.
名詞1.訃告；報導某人去世的消息【評論主題】10.The professor’s _______ speaking style put everyone to sleep.(A) lilting (B) ponderous (C) transv
【評論內容】
10. The professor’s _______ speaking style put everyone to sleep.
(A) lilting 用歡快節奏唱（或奏出）；愉快地唱
After the game, he was found lilting by himself in the bathroom. 打完比賽之後，他被發現一個人在浴室裡愉快地唱歌。【評論主題】7.Unfortunately, the new government report is, at best, _______.(A) erroneous (B) explicit (C) rigid
【評論內容】
6
The_______of the situation became clearer after speaking with several experts.
(A) production
(B) illusion
(C) dubiety
(D) limbo 不確定感,中間狀態或位置,忽略
Example 1: Prior to Lebron James’s final decision, the destiny of the Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball Organization is in limbo.
在Lebron James做決定之前， Cleveland Cavaliers球隊對未來的決策一直是處於不確定的狀態中。
Example 2: On July 9th in 2010, Lebron James, who is inarguably one of the most formidable and talented basketball players of all time, has announced his decision to join the Miami Heat Organization rather than resigning with his previous tarnished team. Follow by this catastrophic news; the Cleveland Cavaliers fans are left in an emotional limbo and crestfallen crisis.
Lebron James 不可否認的，是籃球史上最傑出以及最有天賦的選手之一。但在7月9號做出驚人的決定後，宣布不會繼續留在現任的球隊，而選擇加入Miami Heat Organization。當這個消息一宣佈時， Cleveland Cavaliers的球迷們立即感到氣餒並覺得自己的支持被忽略了!!
【評論主題】第 16~20 題為一題組 Everyone seems to agree that the Earth was a violent place with volcanic erupti
【評論內容】
Everyone seems to agree that the Earth was a violent place with volcanic eruptions, lightning and torrential rains. There was little if any free oxygen and no layer of ozone to absorb the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. By its photochemical action, the radiation may have helped to keep the atmosphere rich in reactive molecules and far from chemical __16__(AD) equilibrium .
每個人似乎都同意地球是一個火山爆發、閃電和暴雨的猛烈之地。幾乎沒有游離氧，也沒有臭氧層來吸收來自太陽的紫外線輻射。通過其光化學作用，輻射可能有助於保持大氣中富含活性分子並且遠離化學 __16__ (AD) 平衡。
【評論主題】第 11~15 題為一題組 Amy Tan, the American-born daughter of Chinese immigrants, received the Commonw
【評論內容】
The sixteen interrelated stories that constitute the work __11__ (BE) bonding between the tales of four Chinese immigrant mothers and their Americanized daughters, in an exploration of the generational and cultural tensions experienced by many first-generation daughters of immigrants.
構成作品 __11__ (BE)的 16 個相互關聯的故事將四位中國移民母親和她們美國化的女兒的故事聯繫在一起，探索了許多第一代移民女兒所經歷的代際和文化緊張局勢。
【評論主題】【題組】60.() Why does the author mention the National Academy of Engineering challenge inlines 29-31?(A
【評論內容】
One interesting challenge outlined by the National Academy of Engineering is to figure out how to control a fusion reaction to provide us with energy in a more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly way.
美國國家工程院概述的一個有趣挑戰是弄清楚如何控制聚變反應，以更高效、經濟和環保的方式為我們提供能量。或者，如何根據個體差異發現如何診斷和治療人們的疾病？快速評估某人'
【評論主題】【題組】59.() Why does the author reference Dr. Seuss and his book Oh, The Places You'll Go! Inthe
【評論內容】
究竟什麼是引人入勝的？它是科學知識的實際應用。有許多不同的領域。蘇斯博士在他的書《哦，你要去的地方》中幫助我們敞開心扉，了解我們在生活中可以做的所有可能性！工程師使這成為現實，無論是字面上還是比喻上。在交通領域，工程師們設計的交通工具可以幫助許多人每天從一個地方到另一個地方，還設計了飛機、航天飛機和潛艇，使我們能夠探索地球和更遠的地方。更廣泛地說，工程有四個主要分支，包括化學、土木、電工和機械工程，每個分支都有許多子學科。然後是不同的跨學科工程領域。從最小的範圍，
【評論主題】【題組】58. () Which paragraph gives the most specific evidence in support of the author'sstatement
【評論內容】
It is hard to imagine what life would be like without the contributions engineers have already made. They have not just helped us to survive, be healthy, explore, and move around better, but they have also made life more enjoyable through advances in areas such as communications, computing and sports. Computer engineers, for example, have helped develop devices and software that we can use to make and share documents and home videos, listen to our favorite music, and talk with co-workers, friends, and family members across the globe. In sports, different engineers have made systems and devices that provide us with better, safer equipment, communications that enable teams to interact better and games to be televised, and environments and infrastructure that improve the playing and watching games.
很難想像如果沒有工程師已經做出的貢獻，生活會是什麼樣子。它們不僅幫助我們更好地生存、健康、探索和四處走動，而且還通過通信、計算和體育等領域的進步讓生活變得更加愉快。例如，計算機工程師幫助開發了設備和軟件，我們可以使用這些設備和軟件來製作和共享文檔和家庭視頻，聆聽我們最喜歡的音樂，以及與全球的同事、朋友和家人交談。在體育運動中，不同的工程師製造了系統和設備，為我們提供更好、更安全的設備，使團隊能夠更好地互動和電視轉播的通信，以及改善比賽和觀看比賽的環境和基礎設施。
【評論主題】【題組】57.() As used in line 10. " stewards" most nearly means(A)curators (B)attendants (C)as
【評論內容】
Even if you have not come across such an engineer before, they have set an example of how to be good stewards of our resources, and we are the beneficiaries of what they have done for us.
農業和生物工程師開發藥物，創造更好的種植和保護我們的食物供應的方式，並與環境工程師一起，幫助創造一個更清潔、更安全的環境，讓人們在其中呼吸、種植食物並擁有安全的飲用水。即使你以前沒有遇到過這樣的工程師，
【評論主題】Section D One of the most impeccable vocations one could pursue is engineering. Engineers, th
【評論內容】
One of the most impeccable vocations one could pursue is engineering. Engineers, though intricate, play a central role in transforming our world into a safer, more enjoyable place to live.
人們可以追求的最無可挑剔的職業之一是工程學。工程師雖然錯綜複雜，但在將我們的世界轉變為更安全、更愉快的居住地方面發揮著核心作用。
【評論主題】Section B Genetic engineering on a planetary used to be the stuff of science fiction dreams a
【評論內容】
Scientists from the University of California, San Diego and the University of California, Irvine announced that they had genetically engineered a breed of mosquito that not only blocks infection by malaria parasites, but can quickly spread its antimalarial genes throughout its species. (BC) In some areas, a single season might be enough to change the population.__(36)__ .
B 節 來自加州大學聖地亞哥分校和加州大學歐文分校的科學家宣布，他們通過基因工程改造了一種蚊子，不僅可以阻止瘧疾寄生蟲的感染，而且可以迅速將其抗瘧基因傳播到整個物種。(BC) 在某些地區，一個季節可能足以改變人口。__(36)__ 。
【評論主題】IV. Discourse 11%Section A After decades of operating with impunity as one of the most powerf
【評論內容】
Power seems to have been his noxious aphrodisiac.Power was why some women acceded and others clammed up, why his employees helped facilitate his assaults and why so many in Hollywood looked the other way for decades. Power was the means, the motive, and the cover-up._(30)_(AE)And power is exactly what he has lost, in a downfall that spans two coasts, several industries and dozens of klieg-lit names.
權力似乎是他的毒藥。權力是為什麼一些女性加入，而另一些人則閉口不談，為什麼他的員工幫助促成了他的襲擊，以及為什麼好萊塢有這麼多人在幾十年裡視而不見。權力是手段、動機和掩飾。_(30)_ (AE)而權力正是他所失去的，在跨越兩個海岸、幾個行業和幾十個名字的衰落中。
【評論主題】IIL. Semantic Filling 10% (AB)launching (AC) take into account (AD) portrait (AE)rotating (BC) norm(
【評論內容】
particularly young mobile users— _(20)__ (BE)flouting long-held ideas about the "right" way to capture video.
尤其是年輕的移動用戶——_(20)__ (BE) 蔑視 長期以來關於“正確”拍攝視頻方式的想法。
【評論主題】7.( ) To avoid the protraction of the project and the expense of lengthy ______.thesupervisor of the
【評論內容】the process of taking a case to a court of law so that a judgment can be made
【評論主題】6.( ) With mobile phone technology developing so quickly, many users are concernedabout the______ of
【評論內容】
( ) With mobile phone technology developing so quickly, many users are concerned about the______ (C)obsolescent of our existing phones.
( ) 隨著移動電話技術的快速發展，許多用戶擔心我們現有電話的______ (C)過時 。
【評論主題】5.( ) By the beginning of the 20uh century, the leading European painters were losinginterest in ___
【評論內容】the quality of seeming true or of having the appearance of being real
【評論主題】【題組】22. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Sentence
【評論內容】
(J) Such emissions of volcanic gas, as well as earthquake swarms and ground swelling, commonly precede volcanic eruptions.
(J)這種火山氣體的排放，以及地震群和地面膨脹，通常先於火山爆發.
【評論主題】【題組】22. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Sentence
【評論內容】
(E)大約76萬年前，加利福尼亞東部長谷地區的一次災難性火山噴發噴出150立方英里——600立方公里的岩漿（熔岩）形成地表以下約 4 英里的深度。熾熱的火山灰（火山碎屑流）的快速流動覆蓋了加利福尼亞州中東部的大部分地區，空氣中的火山灰下降到內布拉斯加州的東部。地球表面在岩漿噴發所騰出的空間中下沉超過 1 英里，形成了一個巨大的火山窪地，地質學家稱之為火山口。 Long Valley Caldera 是加利福尼亞東部一個大型火山系統的一部分，該系統還包括 Mono-Inyo Craters 鏈。這條鏈從火山口西南邊緣的猛獁山嚮北延伸 25 英里到莫諾湖。沿著這條鏈的噴發始於 400,000 年前，而猛獁山是由 58,000 年前結束的一系列噴發形成的。(F)火山系...
【評論主題】【題組】23. It can be inferred from the passage that Mammoth Mountain ______.(A) erupted most recently a
【評論內容】
(F)火山系統仍然活躍——最近在 600 年前，火山鏈的 Inyo Craters 和 Mono Craters 部分都發生了噴發，而在 1700 年代中期和 1800 年代中期之間的某個時間，莫諾湖發生了小規模噴發。
(F) The volcanic system is still active—eruptions occurred in both the Inyo Craters and Mono Craters parts of the volcanic chain as recently as 600 years ago, and small eruptions occurred in Mono Lake sometime between the mid-1700s and mid-1800s.
【評論主題】【題組】23. It can be inferred from the passage that Mammoth Mountain ______.(A) erupted most recently a
【評論內容】
(E)大約76萬年前，加利福尼亞東部長谷地區的一次災難性火山噴發噴出150立方英里——600立方公里的岩漿（熔岩）形成地表以下約 4 英里的深度。熾熱的火山灰（火山碎屑流）的快速流動覆蓋了加利福尼亞州中東部的大部分地區，空氣中的火山灰下降到內布拉斯加州的東部。地球表面在岩漿噴發所騰出的空間中下沉超過 1 英里，形成了一個巨大的火山窪地，地質學家稱之為火山口。 Long Valley Caldera 是加利福尼亞東部一個大型火山系統的一部分，該系統還包括 Mono-Inyo Craters 鏈。這條鏈從火山口西南邊緣的猛獁山嚮北延伸 25 英里到莫諾湖。沿著這條鏈的噴發始於 400,000 年前，而猛獁山是由 58,000 年前結束的一系列噴發形成的。(F)火山系...
【評論主題】【題組】24. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Sentence
【評論內容】
(K)However, symptoms of volcanic unrest may persist for decades or centuries at large calderas, such as Long Valley Caldera.
(K)然而，火山動蕩的症狀可能會在大型火山口持續數十年或數百年，例如長谷火山口。
【評論主題】【題組】24. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?(A) Sentence
【評論內容】
(E)大約76萬年前，加利福尼亞東部長谷地區的一次災難性火山噴發噴出150立方英里——600立方公里的岩漿（熔岩）形成地表以下約 4 英里的深度。熾熱的火山灰（火山碎屑流）的快速流動覆蓋了加利福尼亞州中東部的大部分地區，空氣中的火山灰下降到內布拉斯加州的東部。地球表面在岩漿噴發所騰出的空間中下沉超過 1 英里，形成了一個巨大的火山窪地，地質學家稱之為火山口。 Long Valley Caldera 是加利福尼亞東部一個大型火山系統的一部分，該系統還包括 Mono-Inyo Craters 鏈。這條鏈從火山口西南邊緣的猛獁山嚮北延伸 25 英里到莫諾湖。沿著這條鏈的噴發始於 400,000 年前，而猛獁山是由 58,000 年前結束的一系列噴發形成的。(F)火山系...