Reading 5 Many different kinds of things are said to be just and unjust: not only laws, institutions,and social systems, but also particular actions of many kinds, including decisions,judgements, and imputations. We also call the attitudes and dispositions of persons, andpersons themselves, just and unjust. Our topic, however, is that of social justice. For usthe primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, or more exactly, the wayin which the major social institutions distribute fundamental rights and duties anddetermine the division of advantages from social cooperation. By major institutions Iunderstand the political constitution and the principal economic and socialarrangements. Thus the legal protection of freedom of thought and liberty of conscience,competitive markets, private property in the means of production, and the monogamousfamily are examples of major social institutions. Taken together as one scheme, themajor institutions define men's rights and duties and intluence their life prospects, whatthey can expect to be and how well they can hope to do. The basic structure is theprimary subject of justice because its effects are so profound and present from the start.The intuitive notion here is that this structure contains various social positions and thatmen born into different positions have different expectations of life determined, in part,by the political system as well as by economic and social circumstances. In this waythe institutions of society favor certain staring places over others. These are especiallydeep inequalities. Not only are they pervasive, but they affect men's initial chances inlife； yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert.It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of any society, towhich the principles of social justice must in the first instance apply. These principles,then, regulate the choice of a political constitution and the main elements of theeconomic and social system. The justice of a social scheme depends essentially on howfundamental rights and duties are assigned and on the economic opportunities and socialconditions in the various sectors of society.
【題組】45. Based upon the passage, with which of the following statements would theauthor most likely agree? I. When addressing social justice, it is imperative to consider whether theattitudes and positions of persons, and persons themselves, are just orunjust. II. Particular actions of many kinds, including decisions, judgements, andimputations, are not the primary subject of justice. III. How fundamental duties and rights are assigned are important for theachievement of social justice.
(A) I, II, and IIl
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) I and Ill only
(E) III only