【加油(邀請:154179)】評論

＊酮體合成:2個acetyl CoA→acetoacetyl CoA+CoA-SH(酵素: thiolase，脫去CoA-SH)acetoacetyl CoA+acetyl CoA→β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA(HMG-CoA)羥甲基戊二酸單醯輔酶A + CoA-SH(酵素: HMG-CoA synthase，脫去CoA-SH )HMG-CoA→acetoacetate+ acetyl CoA(酵素: HMG-CoA lyase，脫去acetyl CoA)acetoacetate→acetone(非酵素性脫羧反應(decarboxylation)，脫去CO2)acetoacetate+NADH+H+→D-β-hydroxybutyrate+NAD+(酵素: D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase，消耗NADH)＊檸檬酸循環之步驟:pyruvate由細胞質(cytosol)進入粒線體基質(mitochondria)pyruvate+NAD+→acetyl-CoA+CO2+ NADH+ H+(酵素: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 消耗1個CO2，產生1個NADH，需要TPP(VitB1)、FAD(VitB2)、NAD+(VitB3)、CoA-SH(VitB5)、lipoate=lipoic acid(擬脂酸=硫辛酸))oxaloacetate(草醋酸=丁酮二酸) +acetyl-CoA→citrate(檸檬酸)+CoA-SH(酵素: citrate synthase，需要加入acetyl-CoA)citrate→cis-aconitate (中間過渡物)+H2O(酵素: aconitase，脫去1個H2O)cis-aconitate(中間過渡物)+ H2O→isocitrate(異檸檬酸)(酵素: aconitase，加入1個H2O)isocitrate+NAD+→α-ketoglutarate(α-酮戊二酸)+NADH+ H++CO2(酵素: isocitrate dehydrogenase，消耗1個CO2，產生1個NADH)α-ketoglutarate+NAD+→succinyl-CoA(琥珀醯基輔酶A)+NADH+H++CO2(酵素: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase，消耗1個CO2，產生1個NADH )succinyl-CoA+GDP→succinate(琥珀酸)+GTP(酵素: succinyl-CoA synthetase=succinate thiokinase)succinate+FAD→fumarate(胡延索酸)+FADH2(酵素: succinate dehydrogenase，產生1個FADH2)fumarate+ H2O→malate(蘋果酸)(酵素: fumarase，加入1個H2O)malate+NAD+→oxaloacetate(草醋酸=丁酮二酸)+NADH+ H+(酵素: malate dehydrogenase，產生1個NADH)oxaloacetate(草醋酸=丁酮二酸) +acetyl-CoA→citrate(檸檬酸)+CoA-SH(酵素: citrate synthase)