【A】Many indigenous communities live in isolated and often highly biodiverse areas, where livingin balance with nature is crucial for survival. As keen observers of their environments, indigenouspeoples often possess knowledge linking various phenomena of eco-system change. For example,centuries of knowledge about tsunami waves    16    the Moken or the “sea nomads” of theAndaman Sea along the west coast of Thailand to stay safe when the deadly tsunami struck theirvillages in 2004.
        This knowledge is also used to make seasonal forecasts and predict weather patterns. Thepastoralists of East Africa are able to predict when and where the rains will fall --    17    observingthe flowering patterns of trees, and the behavior of insects and birds. These biological indicators areobserved by scouts roaming the landscape, to determine where and when the cattle herds should move.This indigenous knowledge is not    18    . It is constantly being enriched to include knowledge ofnew phenomena that affect the environment. Take the example of the First Nations communities innorthern Canada. They have observed changes in the hunting behavior and pack dynamics of wolves,and consequent declines in caribou populations. These changes are attributed to the roads and pipelinesthat now    19    their forests.
        Indigenous knowledge systems include values for managing the relationship of humans withbiodiversity. In their conception, “nature” often includes animals, plants, the earth, humans andspirits -- all    20    reciprocal kinship relationships. Humans are not considered superior to nature,and nature does not exist to serve humans. For some indigenous communities, animals are believed topresent themselves as gifts to hunters -- gifts to be respected and cherished through rituals.
【題組】16.
(A) allowed
(B) beheaded
(C) emanated
(D) pinpointed