Reading 4:       States have a long history. In the ancient world clearly defined politicalinstitutions exerted control over city-states. In The Peloponnesian Wars, for example,Thucydides describes the conflicts that took place between the ancient Greek citstates of Athens and Sparta. However, these types of ancient structures differ from themodern state. They were generally confined to the city and had no clearly definedterritory, and lacked the highly institutionalized bureaucracies of the modern state.Indeed, the citizen-territory-state nexus of the modern state system, defined by bothits internal authority vis-a-vis the population and its external authority, defined bystates' mutual recognition, is a creation of the seventeenth century and emerged withina European context.       Medieval Europe was characterized by feudalism, which in its most basic formcan be understood as the granting of land in return for military service. The land-owning nobility would provide land and property rights to people in exchange forallegiance and security. In this context, different monarchs or aristocrats wouldcontrol different areas of land and society. Within the Holy Roman Empire, religionplayed an important role in maintaining these structures. Each prince or noblemanwould have the right to determine the religion of his own domain, defining its ownreligious denomination, and often basing its alliances with other territories mainlyupon commonality of this denomination.       Over time, the rise of powerful monarchies with central bureaucracies gave anumber of countries the characteristics of the modern state. The monarchies ofEngland, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, for example, grew powerful enough toraise armies and to exercise internal authority through the nobility that theycontrolled. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed the monarchies in different areasto define themselves as Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. This laid the groundwork forthe subsequent Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which is commonly regarded asheralding the birth of the modern sovereign state. The Peace of Westphalia initiated anew order in Europe based on the concept of national sovereignty. For the first time, itcreated clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe and brought aboutthe mutual recognition of different monarchies' right to define their own religious andpolitical choices within their territory, superseding the feudal society of the MiddleAges.       Gradually, the idea of the nation-state evolved. In a European context,centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying theirpopulations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding themonopoly of violence on their territories. Ideologically, nationalism began to emergeas a means to legitimate the modern nation-state. The emergence of inventions such asthe flag and the printing press raised awareness of the nation-state, enabling people todevelop a sense of shared identity and allegiance. With the rise of nationalism, newstates were created through the process of unification that took place in states such asGermany and Italy.
【題組】39. Here are three statements concerning the Ancient Greek city-states:I. There were precise delineations of the areas of land controlled by the city- states.II. Compared to the modern state system, the city-states possessed highly institutionalized bureaucracies. Ⅲ. The record of the conflicts between Athens and Sparta in The Peloponnesian Wars indicated that the city-states were controlled by well- established political institutions.Based on the passage we read,
(A) Both I and Ill are true
(B) Both II and III are true
(C) Only I is true
(D) Only II is true
(E) Only III is true