【評論主題】37. Which of the following phospholipases and their cleavage products are correctlypaired?(1) Phosph
【評論內容】Phospholipase APhospholipase A1 – cleaves the sn-1 acyl chain (where sn refers to stereospecific numbering).Phospholipase A2 – cleaves the sn-2 acyl chain, releasing arachidonic acid.Phospholipase B – cleaves both sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains; this enzyme is also known as a lysophospholipase.Phospholipase C – cleaves before the phosphate, releasing diacylglycerol and a phosphate-containing head group. PLCs play a central role in signal transduction, releasing the second messenger inositol triphosphate.Phospholipase D – cleaves after the phosphate, releasing phosphatidic acid and an alcohol.
【評論主題】58. Which of the following pathways is most likely taken by newly synthesized histones?(A) Rough end
【評論內容】The new histones are made in the cytoplasm during S phase and are transported into the nucleus. 來源：https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822%2895%2900245-4.pdf(Nucleosome assembly during DNA replication)
【評論主題】29.In a newly discovered electron transport complex a researcher has identified the redox center Fe-
【評論內容】Cytochrome c is a small heme-containing protein that is often involved in electron transport in mitochondria and bacteria. It is known to transfer electrons from complex III to complex IV, which is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and reduces molecular oxygen to water. Fe-S and 2Fe-2S clusters are also involved in electron transport, but they do not directly transfer electrons to oxygen. Coenzyme Q transfers electrons to complex III but does not interact with oxygen directly.
【評論主題】41. 有關於生物的含氮廢物的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A) 尿酸為一般鳥類處理含氮廢物的主要型式，以沉澱方式被儲存(B) 尿酸為人類處理含氮廢物的主要型式，需要消耗大量 ATP 轉換產生(C) 氨為毒性
【評論內容】
人類主要以尿素的型式排泄含氮廢物，尿素的合成需要消耗一定的 ATP(共3ATP)，但不至於是需要大量的情況。
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】37. Which of the following phospholipases and their cleavage products are correctlypaired?(1) Phosph
【評論內容】Phospholipase APhospholipase A1 – cleaves the sn-1 acyl chain (where sn refers to stereospecific numbering).Phospholipase A2 – cleaves the sn-2 acyl chain, releasing arachidonic acid.Phospholipase B – cleaves both sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains; this enzyme is also known as a lysophospholipase.Phospholipase C – cleaves before the phosphate, releasing diacylglycerol and a phosphate-containing head group. PLCs play a central role in signal transduction, releasing the second messenger inositol triphosphate.Phospholipase D – cleaves after the phosphate, releasing phosphatidic acid and an alcohol.
【評論主題】58. Which of the following pathways is most likely taken by newly synthesized histones?(A) Rough end
【評論內容】The new histones are made in the cytoplasm during S phase and are transported into the nucleus. 來源：https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822%2895%2900245-4.pdf(Nucleosome assembly during DNA replication)
【評論主題】29.In a newly discovered electron transport complex a researcher has identified the redox center Fe-
【評論內容】Cytochrome c is a small heme-containing protein that is often involved in electron transport in mitochondria and bacteria. It is known to transfer electrons from complex III to complex IV, which is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and reduces molecular oxygen to water. Fe-S and 2Fe-2S clusters are also involved in electron transport, but they do not directly transfer electrons to oxygen. Coenzyme Q transfers electrons to complex III but does not interact with oxygen directly.
【評論主題】41. 有關於生物的含氮廢物的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A) 尿酸為一般鳥類處理含氮廢物的主要型式，以沉澱方式被儲存(B) 尿酸為人類處理含氮廢物的主要型式，需要消耗大量 ATP 轉換產生(C) 氨為毒性
【評論內容】
人類主要以尿素的型式排泄含氮廢物，尿素的合成需要消耗一定的 ATP(共3ATP)，但不至於是需要大量的情況。
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】48. Which of the following hormones does NOT match the response it elicits?(A) Salicylic acid: Resis
【評論內容】
Abscisic acid (ABA)(離層素) is a plant hormone that primarily regulates seed dormancy, closing of stomata, and tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought, salt, and cold. It does not directly play a role in the release of seeds from dormancy. Rather, once the conditions are favorable for germination, other hormones such as gibberellins(吉貝素) and cytokinins(細胞分裂素) are responsible for breaking seed dormancy and promoting germination.其他選項：(A)Salicylic acid(水楊酸): Resistance of plants to some pathogens(病原體)(B) Ethylene: Fruit abscission(脫落)(C) Auxin(生長素): Apical dominance(頂芽優勢)(D) Brassinosteroids(油菜內脂): Leaf morphogenesis(型態生成)
油菜內脂功能：Promotion of cell expansion and cell elongation; work with auxins to do so.It has an unclear role in cell division and cell wall regeneration.Promotion of vascular differentiation; BR signal transduction has been studied during vascular differentiation.Is necessary for pollen elongation for pollen tube formation.Acceleration of senescence in dying tissue cultured cells; delayed senescence in BR mutants supports that this action may be biologically relevant.Can provide some protection to plants during chilling and drought stress.【評論主題】64. What domain(s) of regulatory proteins for gene regulation is involved in dimerization?(A) Helix-
【評論內容】(A) Helix-turn-helix
【評論主題】31. 請選出哪一個選項是右列反應最可能的主要產物？ (A) (B) (C) (D)
【評論內容】
活化基（activating group）＝推電子基
去活化基（deactivating group）＝拉電子基
【評論主題】87. Amino acids can be classified into different groups based on the R-group structure. Which classo
【評論內容】
Among the 20 common amino acids, five have a side chain which can be charged. At pH=7, two are negative charged: aspartic acid (Asp, D) and glutamic acid (Glu, E) (acidic side chains), and three are positive charged: lysine (Lys, K), arginine (Arg, R) and histidine (His, H) (basic side chains).Negatively charged amino acids have acidic R-groups and include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Both of these amino acids are nonessential, meaning that they can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be obtained from the diet.
【評論主題】83. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is due to a deficient in ________ activity.(A) Adenosine deaminase(B) Adeni
【評論內容】
萊希-尼亨症候群（英語：Lesch–Nyhan syndrome，簡稱 LNS），是一種因缺乏次黃嘌呤-鳥嘌呤磷酸核苷轉移酶（HGPRT）的罕見遺傳疾病，[2]成因是在X染色體上HPRT1基因發生突變，造成次黃嘌呤-鳥嘌呤磷酸核苷轉移酶的缺失。此病症發生率為每100,000至380,000新生兒中約會出現一例[3][4]。
由於次黃嘌呤-鳥嘌呤磷酸核苷轉移酶缺乏會導致磷酸核糖焦磷酸在身體中累積，使嘌呤無法排出，以致於尿酸大量合成，造成體內尿酸比例過高[5]，這會導致出現高尿酸血症和高尿酸尿症，且伴有嚴重的痛風和引起腎臟機能問題[2][4]，此外還會造成神經系統傷害，包括有嚴重的肌能障礙和中度智能障礙，這些併發症通常出現在出生後的第一年。
維基百科
【評論主題】76. (1) Ribozyme； (2) Okazaki fragment； (3) DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer but RNApolymerase doe
【評論內容】
能夠作為DNA來自於RNA假說的佐證應為(1)、(3)、(4)、(5)。(1) Ribozyme：核酶是具有酶活性的 RNA 分子，這意味著它們可以催化化學反應。 這表明 RNA 可能是第一個具有酶活性的生物分子，這可能導致 DNA 和蛋白質的發展。
(3) DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer but RNA polymerase doesn’t：primer的需求差異代表 RNA 聚合酶可能在 DNA 聚合酶之前進化，並且 DNA 複製機制可能是從 RNA 複製機制改編而來的。
(4) de novo biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine：嘌呤和嘧啶可以從簡單的前體分子從頭合成這一事實表明，由核苷酸組成的 RNA 可以在沒有預先存在的核苷酸的情況下合成，這表明 RNA 可能是第一個生物分子。
(5) retrovirus：逆轉錄病毒是通過逆轉錄複製的 RNA 病毒，逆轉錄涉及病毒 RNA 基因組 DNA 拷貝的合成。 這表明在遺傳物質的進化過程中，RNA 可能是 DNA 的前身。無關者：(2) Okazaki fragment：岡崎片段是短的、新合成的 DNA 片段，在 DNA 複製過程中在滯後鏈上形成。 滯後鏈需要以短片段的形式合成這一事實表明，DNA 複製機制進化為處理已經存在的雙鏈 DNA 分子，而不是用於 DNA 的初始合成。
(6) thermostable DNA polymerase.：從嗜熱細菌中發現耐熱 DNA 聚合酶，如 Taq 聚合酶，表明這些酶可能已經進化為在高溫環境中復制 DNA。 基於 DNA 的複制需要開發更穩定的 DNA 聚合酶。
【評論主題】69. Which of the following enzymatic cofactors and enzymes is NOT matched?(A) Biotin for pyruvate ca
【評論內容】Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase uses NADP+ as a cofactor, not NAD+ .
【評論主題】67. Which of the following receptors and their types does NOT match?(A) Insulin receptor is a G-prot
【評論內容】The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a type of enzyme-linked receptor.
【評論主題】58. The best description or link about the concept of plant “hypersensitive response” defense system
【評論內容】Hypersensitive response (HR) is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) at the site of pathogen infection, which is thought to quarantine biotrophic pathogens (Fig. 2, see Glossary) at the site of pathogen entry and thus prevent spreading outward towards healthy tissue (Heath, 1998).
【評論主題】30. The following statements about DNA replication is E. coli are correct except:(A) Both leading st
【評論內容】
In E. coli, the principal replication enzyme is DNA polymerase III, which is a complex enzyme that includes a core polymerase, a proofreading exonuclease, and other subunits that enhance the enzyme's processivity and efficiency.
DNA polymerase I is also involved in DNA replication in E. coli, but it has a secondary role in removing RNA primers and filling in gaps left behind by the main replication enzyme, DNA polymerase III.
【評論主題】16. What following pairs have the lowest dissociation constant?(A) Enzyme and substrate (B) Typical
【評論內容】解離常數 (Kd) 是兩個分子之間結合強度的量度。 Kd 值越低，結合越強。(E) 生物素和親和素：生物素與親和素之間的相互作用是自然界中已知最強的非共價相互作用之一。
【評論主題】12. The primary reason that polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________.(A) the polar
【評論內容】The main reason polar regions are cooler, cooler than the equator is that solar radiation strikes the polar at the lower angles and the travels to more atmosphere to the polls and further from the sense than in the liquidators. The solar polar atmosphere thinners and contain fewer greenhouse gasses.
【評論主題】10. In the human renal system, ________ ion (or molecule) concentration in the blood is regulated by
【評論內容】遠曲小管的作用：1.末段遠曲小管+完整的集尿管=荷爾蒙依賴區域( hormonal dependant area)2.作用的激素有醛固酮(Aldosterone)和抗利尿激素(Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH)3.醛固酮作用於末段遠曲小管和集尿管的第一部分4.醛固酮的作用是Na、Cl和H2O的的再吸收和K和H的分泌 5.ADH作用於所有的激素依賴的區域。6.ADH的作用是增加水的再吸收，導致形成的高滲溶液
【評論主題】3. Red tides are dangerous because of ________.(A) the dinoflagellates that cause them produce a str
【評論內容】引起赤潮的甲藻會產生強烈的神經毒素。 這種稱為石房蛤毒素的神經毒素會在貝類體內積聚，並導致食用貝類的人出現麻痺性貝類中毒。 赤潮對海洋生物和接觸赤潮或食用受污染海鮮的人類都是危險的。