The “knowing­doing gap” is a paradox—people may know what’s best for them, but they are unable to do it. Human behavior is irrational in this way. Although people may have every intention of reaching goals, their actions leave something to be desired. How can one close the gap between knowing and doing?          There are a lot of examples of the knowing­doing gap. A woman complaining about how hard it is to lose weight during lunch will be ordering 　46　 she likes just a few minutes later. A father struggling to get his four­year­old daughter to behave will give in and just give her the toy she asks for. A man who just left the hospital after 　47　 a heart attack will return to the fatty food he enjoyed before he got sick. All three cases 　48　 that people may know what they’re doing is counterproductive, but it’s much easier than changing their behavior.    How can one notice the difference between knowing and doing, and finally do what is right? 　49　, it’s not just a matter of willpower; it’s about making a realistic plan that is easy to keep to. Furthermore, small changes are acceptable, and actually more effective. When people focus on slight observable differences, they are more likely to keep themselves 　50　. Finally, it pays to stay calm. People are more productive and successful when they work toward their goals calmly.
【題組】46.
(A) whoever
(B) whomever
(C) whatever
(D) whichever