IV. Please read the following passage and answer the question below.
 DOG DOMESTICATION MAY HAVE BEGUN BECAUSE PALEO HUMANS COULDN'T STOMACH THE ORIGINAL PALEO DIET It's easy to understand why early humnans domesticated dogs as their new best friends. Tame canines can guard againstpredators and interlopers, carry supplies, pull sleds and provide warmth during cold nights. But those benefits only comefollowing domestication. Despite more than a century of study, scientists have struggled to understand what triggeredthe domestication process in the first place. A new theory described today in Scicntific Reports posits thathunter-gatherers whose omnivorous digestive system prevented too much protein consumption likely shared surplusmeat with wolves. Those scraps may have initiated a step toward domestication."This is the first time that we have an ecological explanation for dog domestication," says lead author Maria Lahtinen, asenior rescarcher at the Finnish Food Authority and a visiting scholar at the Finnish Museum of Natural History. "Ipersonally don't think that there is a simple, easy answer behind dog domnestication, but we need to see the full pictureand complexity of the process."Lahtinen did not originally set out to solve a long-standing dog mystery. Instead she was studying the diet of latePleistocene hunter-gatherers in Arctic and sub-Arctic Eurasia. At that time, around 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, theworld was engulfed in the coldest period of the last ice age. In frigid environments then, as today, humans tended toderive the majority of their food from animals. Nutritional deficiencies came from the absence of fat and carbohydrates,not necessarily protein. Indeed, if humans cat too much meat, dianhea usually ensues. And within weeks, they candevelop protein poisoning and even dic. "Because we humans are not fully adapted to a carnivorous diet, we simplycannot digest protein very well," Lahtinen says. "It can be very fatal in a very short period of time." During the coldest years of the last ice agc--and especially in harsh Arctic and sub-Arctic winters--reindecr, wildhorses and other human prey animals would have been eking out an existence, nearly devoid of fat and composed mostlyof lean muscle. Using previously published early fossil records, Lahtinen and her collcagues calculated that the gamecaptured by people in the Arctic and sub-Arctic during this time would have provided much more protein than theycould have safely consumed. In more ecologicaily favorable conditions, wolves and humans would have been competing for the same prey animals.But under the harsh circumstances of the Arctic and sub-Arctic ice age winter, sharing excess meat with canines wouldhave cost people nothing. The descendants of wolves that took advantage of such handouts would have become moredocile toward their bipedal benefactors over time, and they likely went on to become the first domesticated dogs. As theauthors point out, the theory makes sense not just ecologically but also geographically: the earliest Paleolithic dogdiscoveries primarily come from areas that were very cold at the time. The new study presents a "fascinating idea about lean protein being a food that humans would have discarded butwolves may have relied on during winter months in the Arctic," says Brian Hare, an evolutionary anthropologist at DukeUniversity, who was not involved in the work. 'I think it offers another vital clue for how the human-dog partnershipmight have been initially fueled."Questions:

【題組】 1. According to the article, what was the weather like when dogs were first domesticated? Whatevidence supports the argument? (15%)