【用戶】Hi World

【年級】高二上

【評論內容】閱讀理解題20 Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage? 以下哪項最能描述文章的主要概念？(A) Crimes against humanity are rampant and ubiquitous. 危害人類罪猖獗、無處不在。-> 沒有總結到第三段的內容rampant (adj.) 繁茂的；蔓延的；猖獗的；狂暴的；用後腳立起的ubiquitous (adj.) 無所不在的(B) TRIAL International is a non-profitable organization fighting against governments of all sorts. TRIAL International 是一個與各種政府作鬥爭的非營利組織。-> 非政府組織，目的在協助危害人類罪的受害者發聲(C) TRIAL International helps victims of crimes against humanity to find justice. TRIAL International 幫助危害人類罪的受害者尋求正義。(D) Perpetrators of crimes against humanity are coerced into violating human rights. 危害人類罪的肇事者被迫侵犯人權。-> 本文沒提到他們的動機perpetrator (n.) 做壞事者；犯罪者；行兇者 [ˌpə:pəˈtretɚ]coerce (v.) 強制；脅迫 [koˋɝs]中英對照       Crimes against humanity appeared for the first time in a treaty in the 1945 Nuremberg Charter at the end of the Second World War, albeit with a different definition than today. 第二次世界大戰的最後，危害人類罪首次出現在 1945 年《紐倫堡憲章》的條約中，儘管定義與今天不同。（treaty (n.) 條約，協定；charter (v.) 發執照給；給特權；包租；(n.) 憲章；憑照；特權；包租）Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993), the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda(1994) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). 自 1990 年代以來，危害人類罪已被編入不同的國際條約，例如《前南斯拉夫問題國際刑事法庭規約》（1993 年）、《盧旺達問題國際法庭規約》（1994 年）和《國際刑事法庭羅馬規約》法院（1998 年）。codify (n.) 把…編成法典；編纂（法典、條例等）[ˋkɑdə͵faɪ]statute (n.) 法令，法規 [ˋstætʃʊt]tribunal (n.) 法庭；法官席；特別法庭；裁決 [traɪˋbjun!]The Rome Statute provides the most recent and most expansive list of specific criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity.  《羅馬規約》提供了可能構成危害人類罪的最新和最廣泛的具體犯罪行為清單。      Unlike other human rights violations, war crimes do not engage state responsibility but individual criminal responsibility. 與其他侵犯人權行為不同，戰爭罪不涉及國家責任，而是個人刑事責任。This means that individuals can be tried and found personally responsible for such crimes as murder, extermination, enslavement/deportation or forcible transfer of population, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, execution against an identifiable group, enforced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. 這意味著可以審判並認定個人對以下罪行負有個人責任，如謀殺、滅絕、奴役/驅逐或強制轉移人口、監禁、酷刑、性暴力、處決可識別群體、強迫失蹤、種族隔離罪，以及其他類似性質的、故意對身體或精神或身體健康造成巨大痛苦或嚴重傷害的不人道行為。be tried 受審try (v.) 試做；審判；考驗；(n.) 嘗試；努力；橄欖球觸地得分extermination (n.) 滅絕enslavement (n.) 奴役；束縛apartheid (n.) 種族隔離政策；隔離 [əˋpɑrt͵het]character (n.) 特性；角色；(中文) 字Governments around the world often deny that crimes against humanity have occurred on their territory, thus ignoring the suffering of their people. 世界各國政府經常否認在其領土上發生過危害人類罪，從而無視其人民的苦難。Thousands of desperate victims are still struggling to get long-waited justice, reparation and recognition. 成千上萬絕望的受害者仍在努力爭取期待已久的正義、賠償和承認。（reparation (n.) 賠償）     TRIAL International, a non-governmental organization, helps victims to get their voice heard by bringing their cases before domestic courts, as well as before regional and international human rights mechanism like the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. TRIAL International 是一個非政府組織，協助助受害者表達自己的意見，透過將案件提交國內法院以及聯合國人權委員會和歐洲人權法院等區域和國際人權機制。domestic court 國內法院bring...before... 安排法院、委員會、議會等討論或判斷某事（劍橋辭典）bring a case before the court 將案件提交法庭The organization provides free legal support to victims, from the preparation and submission of their case, to the proceedings and the implementation of the decisions on the ground. 該組織為受害者提供免費的法律支持，從準備和提交案件到訴訟程序和實地執行裁決。proceedings (n. pl.) 一系列事件；會議記錄；訴訟 /prəˈsiː.dɪŋz/implementation (n.) 實施；完成；成就TRIAL International fights impunity by filing criminal and compensation claims against perpetrators of crimes against humanity.  TRIAL International 透過對危害人類罪的肇事者提出刑事和賠償的主張來打擊有罪不罰的現象。impunity (n.) 免於懲罰 [ɪmˋpjunətɪ]file (v.) 把...歸檔；提出訴訟；發出報導；(n.) 檔案，案卷compensation (n.) 補償；賠償；報酬claim (v.) 要求；聲稱；認領；索取賠償；(n.) 主張，斷言；所有權；要求perpetrator (n.) 做壞事者；犯罪者；行兇者 [ˌpə:pəˈtretɚ]These complaints are brought before international bodies, and before national courts thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. 幸虧有普遍管轄權原則，這些控告被提交至國際機構和國家法院。complaint (n.) 抱怨；抗議；控告；疾病international body 國際機構jurisdiction (n.) 司法權；管轄權；審判權 [͵dʒuərisˋdikʃən]universal jurisdiction 普遍管轄權或普遍性原則：是國際法「原則」之一。 根據這一原則，無論被控犯罪之人的國籍、居住國或與起訴國關係如何，即使該罪行是在起訴國領土之外犯下的，該國也可以對該人行使刑事管轄權。（維基百科）TRIAL also pushes national justice systems to investigate situations and prosecute the perpetrators of mass atrocities.  TRIAL 還推動國家司法系統調查情況並起訴大規模暴行的肇事者。prosecute (v.) 對...起訴；告發 [ˋprɑsɪ͵kjut]atrocity (n.) 殘暴 [əˋtrɑsətɪ]英文7000單字表：https://hiworldwelcome.blogspot.com/2021/12/7000.html