【評論主題】42.下列幾種臨床情況，何者不需以開放性骨復位術加以治療？(A)下顎骨骨角處骨折，病人無法忍受顎間固定，明確要求縮短顎間固定術的時間 (B)使用閉合式骨復位術，但無法完成復位改善咬合 (C)右側髁（c
【評論內容】
(A) With rigid fixation techniques, patients can be allowed to heal without undergoing MMF or at least a decreased time of MMF. This alone may be an important factor in the decision to perform an open reduction.
中文補充：以開放性骨復位術治療，可以縮短甚至不用使用顎間固定術。
(C) In some cases, it is not necessary to achieve an ideal anatomic reduction of the fracture area. This is especially true of the condylar fracture. In this fracture, minimal or moderate displacement of the condylar segment generally results in adequate postoperative function and occlusion (but only if a proper occlusal relationship was established during the period of healing of the fracture site). 正確
(D) Indications for open reduction include continued displacement of the bony segments or an unfavorable fracture, as in an angle fracture (see Fig. 25.13) in which the pull of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles can cause distraction of the proximal segment of the mandible.
中文補充：錯綜複雜的骨折和unfavorable fracture都是開放性骨復位術的適應症。
【評論主題】41.關於黏液囊腫（mucocele）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)常見的原因為小唾液腺結石，導致管道阻塞所引起 (B)手術切除時不需切除其相關的小唾液腺，以避免嚴重的疤痕收縮，影響美觀 (C)手術切除
【評論內容】
(A) Salivary ducts, especially those of the minor salivary glands, are occasionally traumatized, commonly by lip biting, and are severed or disrupted beneath the surface mucosa. 常見的原因為創傷
(B) (C) Careful dissection around the mucocele may permit its complete removal; however, in many cases, the thin lining ruptures and decompresses the mucocele before removal. The associated minor salivary glands are removed as well and sent for histopathologic evaluation.
中文補充：手術切除時需切除其相關的小唾液腺，以利檢體送組織病理檢查
(D) The recurrence rates of mucoceles may be as high as 15% to 30% after surgical removal, possibly caused by incomplete removal or repeat trauma to the residual minor salivary glands. 正確
【評論主題】40.以下是人體中可能發生三種不同型態的唾液腺惡性腫瘤：①多形性低度腺癌（polymorphous low-gradeadenocarcinoma） ②腺樣囊狀癌（adenoid cystic car
【評論內容】
The mucoepidermoid carcinoma ③ is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma ① is the second most common salivary gland malignancy. The adenoid cystic carcinoma ② is the third most common intraoral salivary gland malignancy
【評論主題】39.關於多形性腺瘤（pleomorphic adenoma）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)約有5％的比例，可能會轉變為惡性 (B)主唾液腺中最好發於顎下腺 (C)小唾液腺中最好發於下唇 (D)為第二常
【評論內容】
(A) Recurrence is possible in rare cases, as well as a small risk (5%) of malignant transformation with longstanding lesions to a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
正確，復發機會低，約有5％的比例可能轉變為惡性。
(B)In the major glands, the parotid gland is involved in more than 80% of cases.
中文補充：主唾液腺中最好發於腮腺
(C)In the minor glands the most common intraoral site is the palate.
中文補充：小唾液腺中最好發於上顎
(D)The pleomorphic adenoma, or benign mixed tumor, is the most common salivary gland tumor.
中文補充：為最常見的唾液腺良性腫瘤
【評論主題】38.當帶狀疱疹發生於三叉神經時，下列何者正確？(A)最常發生於第一個分支 (B)最常發生於第二個分支 (C)最常發生於第三個分支 (D)三個分支的機率差別不大
【評論內容】
PHN occurs after reactivation of the virus, which can lay dormant in the ganglia of a peripheral nerve. Most commonly this is a thoracic nerve, but approximately 10% to 15% of the time the trigeminal nerve is involved, with the V1 dermatome affected in approximately 80% of trigeminal cases.
大部分的帶狀疱疹發生於胸神經，若發生在三叉神經則有80%發生在第一分支的皮節。
【評論主題】37.有關去傳導後牙痛（odontalgia resulting from deafferentation）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)局部麻醉可以緩解症狀 (B)引發的疼痛，有時是非常劇烈的 (C)
【評論內容】(D) Usually this condition is caused by trauma or surgery, including extraction and endodontic treatment. 拔牙和根管治療後都有可能發生。
【評論主題】35.對於上顎骨發育不足（maxillary deficiency）的病例，下列敘述何者正確？(A)最主要的手術方式為上顎前段截骨術（upper anterior segmental osteotom
【評論內容】
(A) The primary technique for correction of maxillary deficiency is the Le Fort I osteotomy. This technique can be used for advancement of the maxilla to correct a class III malocclusion and associated facial abnormalities. 最主要的手術方式為 Le Fort I osteotomy。
(B)(C) Patients with maxillary deficiency commonly appear to have a retruded upper lip, deficiency of the paranasal and infraorbital rim areas, inadequate tooth exposure while smiling, and a prominent chin relative to the middle third of the face.
中文補充：常合併鼻側及眼眶下區發育不足，微笑時牙齒暴露不足。
(D) Maxillary deficiency may occur in the anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse planes.
中文補充：前後徑、左右徑、上下徑方向皆會發生。
【評論主題】36.關於三叉神經痛的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)chlorzoxazone最常被用來治療三叉神經痛 (B)發作時間會超過十分鐘，疼痛是尖銳的 (C)好發於20～30歲的年齡層 (D)引發區（trigg
【評論內容】
【Hint】
（A）Centrally acting muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol, and carisoprodol) may be used to relax hyperactive musculature associated with TMD.
中文補充：Chlorzoxazone 屬於作用在中樞的肌肉鬆弛劑，主要用作治療肌肉活性過高引致的TMD。
（B）TN usually occurs with sharp, electric shocklike pain in the face or mouth. The pain is intense, lasting for brief periods of seconds to 1 minute, followed by a refractory period during which the pain cannot be reinitiated.
中文補充：一般只會維持幾秒到一分鐘，然後進入不應期。
（C）Occurring most frequently in patients older than 50 years. 一般發生在50歲以上的病人（D）Usually a trigger zone is present, where mechanical stimuli such as soft touch may provoke an attack. Firm pressure to the region is generally not as provocative. Common cutaneous trigger zones include the corner of the lips, cheek, ala of the nose, or lateral brow. Any intraoral site may also be a trigger zone for TN, including teeth, gingiva, or the tongue.
正確，除了皮膚外，口內像牙齒、牙齦、舌頭也可能是觸發點。
【評論主題】34.利用正顎手術來治療下顎骨前突症（mandibular prognathism）時，下列何種術式最少單獨使用？(A)髁骨下截骨術（subcondylar osteotomy） (B)下顎枝矢向劈裂
【評論內容】
The technique is primarily used only for aesthetic reasons, and therefore, its use depends upon the patient’s concern about appearance of this area of the face, more commonly in syndromic cases. Often, the surgeon has to bring the genioplasty to the patient’s attention when other facial osteotomies are planned because of the impact that these osteotomies will have on chin prominence and aesthetics.
中文補充：通常在進行其他顏面截骨術且可預期手術會影響下頦(Chin)前凸度和美觀時，才會建議病人進行Genioplasty。
【評論主題】33.下列何者是下顎骨前突症（mandibular prognathism）明顯的特徵？(A)側面觀呈現著中顏面三分之一的部分明顯的突出 (B)唇頦皺摺（labiomental fold）會增加 (C
【評論內容】
(A)(D) Facial features associated with mandibular excess include a prominence of the lower third of the face, particularly in the area of the lower lip and chin in the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions. 應為下顏面三分之一的部分明顯的突出
(B) Other facial features often associated with mandibular deficiency may include an excess labiomental fold with a procumbent appear- ance of the lower lip, abnormal posture of the upper lip, and poor throat form. 敘述為下顎骨後縮症之描述。
(C) Excess growth of the mandible frequently results in an abnormal occlusion with class III molar and cuspid relationships and a reverse overjet in the incisor area. 應為class III異常咬合
【評論主題】32.40歲男性患者來醫院求診，主訴於例行的牙科X光檢查時，發現右側後下顎區有一放射線透過性的病灶（如圖一所示），經門診切片檢查，病理報告顯示為含齒囊腫（dentigerous cyst）；安排患者接
【評論內容】
(A)(C) 如同第29、31題，若囊腫較大，有可能會導致術後下顎骨發生病理性骨折，也可能侵犯到下齒槽神經，導致神經感覺功能異常，所以會建議配合造袋術 marsupialization，待囊腫變小後再接續剜出術（enucleation）移除囊腫，減低顎骨斷裂的風險。
(B) 優先方式為剜出術（enucleation）合併造袋術 marsupialization
(D）Prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics is not usually indicated in marsupialization, although antibiotics should be used if the patient’s health condition warrants it. 正確
【評論主題】31.關於顎骨內的囊腫及類囊腫良性病灶處理，下列何種手術方式最不適當？(A)複合式切除（composite resection） (B)造袋術（marsupialization） (C)剜出術（enu
【評論內容】
對於顎骨囊腫的手術方式，主要分為三種，分別是 (1)剜出術enucleation (with or without curettage), (2) marginal (i.e., segmental) or partial resection 和 (3)複合式切除composite resection。大部分的良性病灶侵犯性低，所以會用比較保守的方式，如enucleation（視情況伴隨curettage）做處理。
Marsupialization can be used as the sole therapy for a cyst or as a preliminary step in management, with enucleation deferred until later.
若是大小較大的囊腫，為了減低顎骨斷裂的風險，則可以配合造袋術 marsupialization，待囊腫變小後再接續剜出術（enucleation）移除囊腫。
(A) 複合式切除（composite resection）會連同周遭的骨頭、軟組織、淋巴組織一同切除，適用在侵犯性較高的惡性腫瘤。不同手術方式之適應症可參考以下課本表格：
【評論主題】30.關於顎骨發炎性囊腫（inflammatory cyst）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)殘餘囊腫（residual cyst）屬於發炎性囊腫 (B)牙周囊腫（paradental cyst）屬於發炎
【評論內容】
(A)(B)(C) 齒源性囊腫可以分為發育性和發炎性兩大類(參考下表)，其中B選項的paradental cyst等同發生在第一大臼齒的buccal bifurcation cyst。
(D) Epithelium at the apex of a nonvital tooth presumably can be stimulated by inflammation to form a true epithelium-lined cyst, or periapical cyst. The inflammatory response appears to increase the production of keratinocyte growth factor by periodontal stroma cells, leading to increased proliferation of normally quiescent epithelium in the area.
中文補充：發炎性囊腫是失活牙根尖的上皮組織受到發炎反應刺激而成的true epithelium-lined cyst或是periapical cyst.
【評論主題】29.關於含齒囊腫（dentigerous cyst）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)有很高的復發率 (B)在全口環狀X光片中會呈現單房性（unilocular）之放射線透過性病灶 (C)若是病灶過大，壓
【評論內容】
(A) The prognosis for most histopathologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts is excellent, with recurrence being a rare finding.
中文補充：經過組織學診斷的含齒囊腫一般預後極佳，甚少復發。
(B) Radiographically, the dentigerous cyst presents as a well-defined unilocular radiolucency, often with a sclerotic border.
中文補充：正確，X光片中含齒囊腫呈現單房性之放射線透過性病灶。
(C) Large dentigerous cysts may be treated with marsupialization particularly when enucleation and curettage might otherwise result in neurosensory dysfunction or predispose the patient to an increased chance of postoperative pathologic fracture of the mandible.
中文補充：一般含齒囊腫會用enucleation剜出術 + curettage，但若囊腫大小較大，導致術後發生病理性骨折或神經感覺功能異常的機會增加，則會建議使用造袋術 marsupialization。
(D) Many dentigerous cysts are small asymptomatic lesions that are discovered ser- endipitously on routine radiographs, although some may grow to considerable size causing bony expansion that is usually painless until secondary infection occurs.
中文補充：很多含齒囊腫並沒有症狀，一般是在例行檢查才會發現到。
額外補充：會合併有其他全身症狀的是odontogenic keratocyst OKC, 通常會伴隨nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (basal cell nevus syndrome, Gorlin’s syndrome)，症狀包括併指、眼距過寬、myloma、肋骨分岔、額骨過突、鈣化腦廉等。
【評論主題】41.關於黏液囊腫（mucocele）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)常見的原因為小唾液腺結石，導致管道阻塞所引起 (B)手術切除時不需切除其相關的小唾液腺，以避免嚴重的疤痕收縮，影響美觀 (C)手術切除
【評論內容】
(A) Salivary ducts, especially those of the minor salivary glands, are occasionally traumatized, commonly by lip biting, and are severed or disrupted beneath the surface mucosa. 常見的原因為創傷
(B) (C) Careful dissection around the mucocele may permit its complete removal; however, in many cases, the thin lining ruptures and decompresses the mucocele before removal. The associated minor salivary glands are removed as well and sent for histopathologic evaluation.
中文補充：手術切除時需切除其相關的小唾液腺，以利檢體送組織病理檢查
(D) The recurrence rates of mucoceles may be as high as 15% to 30% after surgical removal, possibly caused by incomplete removal or repeat trauma to the residual minor salivary glands. 正確
【評論主題】42.下列幾種臨床情況，何者不需以開放性骨復位術加以治療？(A)下顎骨骨角處骨折，病人無法忍受顎間固定，明確要求縮短顎間固定術的時間 (B)使用閉合式骨復位術，但無法完成復位改善咬合 (C)右側髁（c
【評論內容】
(A) With rigid fixation techniques, patients can be allowed to heal without undergoing MMF or at least a decreased time of MMF. This alone may be an important factor in the decision to perform an open reduction.
中文補充：以開放性骨復位術治療，可以縮短甚至不用使用顎間固定術。
(C) In some cases, it is not necessary to achieve an ideal anatomic reduction of the fracture area. This is especially true of the condylar fracture. In this fracture, minimal or moderate displacement of the condylar segment generally results in adequate postoperative function and occlusion (but only if a proper occlusal relationship was established during the period of healing of the fracture site). 正確
(D) Indications for open reduction include continued displacement of the bony segments or an unfavorable fracture, as in an angle fracture (see Fig. 25.13) in which the pull of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles can cause distraction of the proximal segment of the mandible.
中文補充：錯綜複雜的骨折和unfavorable fracture都是開放性骨復位術的適應症。
【評論主題】40.以下是人體中可能發生三種不同型態的唾液腺惡性腫瘤：①多形性低度腺癌（polymorphous low-gradeadenocarcinoma） ②腺樣囊狀癌（adenoid cystic car
【評論內容】
The mucoepidermoid carcinoma ③ is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma ① is the second most common salivary gland malignancy. The adenoid cystic carcinoma ② is the third most common intraoral salivary gland malignancy
【評論主題】39.關於多形性腺瘤（pleomorphic adenoma）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)約有5％的比例，可能會轉變為惡性 (B)主唾液腺中最好發於顎下腺 (C)小唾液腺中最好發於下唇 (D)為第二常
【評論內容】
(A) Recurrence is possible in rare cases, as well as a small risk (5%) of malignant transformation with longstanding lesions to a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
正確，復發機會低，約有5％的比例可能轉變為惡性。
(B)In the major glands, the parotid gland is involved in more than 80% of cases.
中文補充：主唾液腺中最好發於腮腺
(C)In the minor glands the most common intraoral site is the palate.
中文補充：小唾液腺中最好發於上顎
(D)The pleomorphic adenoma, or benign mixed tumor, is the most common salivary gland tumor.
中文補充：為最常見的唾液腺良性腫瘤
【評論主題】38.當帶狀疱疹發生於三叉神經時，下列何者正確？(A)最常發生於第一個分支 (B)最常發生於第二個分支 (C)最常發生於第三個分支 (D)三個分支的機率差別不大
【評論內容】
PHN occurs after reactivation of the virus, which can lay dormant in the ganglia of a peripheral nerve. Most commonly this is a thoracic nerve, but approximately 10% to 15% of the time the trigeminal nerve is involved, with the V1 dermatome affected in approximately 80% of trigeminal cases.
大部分的帶狀疱疹發生於胸神經，若發生在三叉神經則有80%發生在第一分支的皮節。
【評論主題】37.有關去傳導後牙痛（odontalgia resulting from deafferentation）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)局部麻醉可以緩解症狀 (B)引發的疼痛，有時是非常劇烈的 (C)
【評論內容】(D) Usually this condition is caused by trauma or surgery, including extraction and endodontic treatment. 拔牙和根管治療後都有可能發生。
【評論主題】36.關於三叉神經痛的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)chlorzoxazone最常被用來治療三叉神經痛 (B)發作時間會超過十分鐘，疼痛是尖銳的 (C)好發於20～30歲的年齡層 (D)引發區（trigg
【評論內容】
【Hint】
（A）Centrally acting muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol, and carisoprodol) may be used to relax hyperactive musculature associated with TMD.
中文補充：Chlorzoxazone 屬於作用在中樞的肌肉鬆弛劑，主要用作治療肌肉活性過高引致的TMD。
（B）TN usually occurs with sharp, electric shocklike pain in the face or mouth. The pain is intense, lasting for brief periods of seconds to 1 minute, followed by a refractory period during which the pain cannot be reinitiated.
中文補充：一般只會維持幾秒到一分鐘，然後進入不應期。
（C）Occurring most frequently in patients older than 50 years. 一般發生在50歲以上的病人（D）Usually a trigger zone is present, where mechanical stimuli such as soft touch may provoke an attack. Firm pressure to the region is generally not as provocative. Common cutaneous trigger zones include the corner of the lips, cheek, ala of the nose, or lateral brow. Any intraoral site may also be a trigger zone for TN, including teeth, gingiva, or the tongue.
正確，除了皮膚外，口內像牙齒、牙齦、舌頭也可能是觸發點。
【評論主題】35.對於上顎骨發育不足（maxillary deficiency）的病例，下列敘述何者正確？(A)最主要的手術方式為上顎前段截骨術（upper anterior segmental osteotom
【評論內容】
(A) The primary technique for correction of maxillary deficiency is the Le Fort I osteotomy. This technique can be used for advancement of the maxilla to correct a class III malocclusion and associated facial abnormalities. 最主要的手術方式為 Le Fort I osteotomy。
(B)(C) Patients with maxillary deficiency commonly appear to have a retruded upper lip, deficiency of the paranasal and infraorbital rim areas, inadequate tooth exposure while smiling, and a prominent chin relative to the middle third of the face.
中文補充：常合併鼻側及眼眶下區發育不足，微笑時牙齒暴露不足。
(D) Maxillary deficiency may occur in the anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse planes.
中文補充：前後徑、左右徑、上下徑方向皆會發生。
【評論主題】34.利用正顎手術來治療下顎骨前突症（mandibular prognathism）時，下列何種術式最少單獨使用？(A)髁骨下截骨術（subcondylar osteotomy） (B)下顎枝矢向劈裂
【評論內容】
The technique is primarily used only for aesthetic reasons, and therefore, its use depends upon the patient’s concern about appearance of this area of the face, more commonly in syndromic cases. Often, the surgeon has to bring the genioplasty to the patient’s attention when other facial osteotomies are planned because of the impact that these osteotomies will have on chin prominence and aesthetics.
中文補充：通常在進行其他顏面截骨術且可預期手術會影響下頦(Chin)前凸度和美觀時，才會建議病人進行Genioplasty。
【評論主題】33.下列何者是下顎骨前突症（mandibular prognathism）明顯的特徵？(A)側面觀呈現著中顏面三分之一的部分明顯的突出 (B)唇頦皺摺（labiomental fold）會增加 (C
【評論內容】
(A)(D) Facial features associated with mandibular excess include a prominence of the lower third of the face, particularly in the area of the lower lip and chin in the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions. 應為下顏面三分之一的部分明顯的突出
(B) Other facial features often associated with mandibular deficiency may include an excess labiomental fold with a procumbent appear- ance of the lower lip, abnormal posture of the upper lip, and poor throat form. 敘述為下顎骨後縮症之描述。
(C) Excess growth of the mandible frequently results in an abnormal occlusion with class III molar and cuspid relationships and a reverse overjet in the incisor area. 應為class III異常咬合
【評論主題】32.40歲男性患者來醫院求診，主訴於例行的牙科X光檢查時，發現右側後下顎區有一放射線透過性的病灶（如圖一所示），經門診切片檢查，病理報告顯示為含齒囊腫（dentigerous cyst）；安排患者接
【評論內容】
(A)(C) 如同第29、31題，若囊腫較大，有可能會導致術後下顎骨發生病理性骨折，也可能侵犯到下齒槽神經，導致神經感覺功能異常，所以會建議配合造袋術 marsupialization，待囊腫變小後再接續剜出術（enucleation）移除囊腫，減低顎骨斷裂的風險。
(B) 優先方式為剜出術（enucleation）合併造袋術 marsupialization
(D）Prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics is not usually indicated in marsupialization, although antibiotics should be used if the patient’s health condition warrants it. 正確
【評論主題】29.關於含齒囊腫（dentigerous cyst）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)有很高的復發率 (B)在全口環狀X光片中會呈現單房性（unilocular）之放射線透過性病灶 (C)若是病灶過大，壓
【評論內容】
(A) The prognosis for most histopathologically diagnosed dentigerous cysts is excellent, with recurrence being a rare finding.
中文補充：經過組織學診斷的含齒囊腫一般預後極佳，甚少復發。
(B) Radiographically, the dentigerous cyst presents as a well-defined unilocular radiolucency, often with a sclerotic border.
中文補充：正確，X光片中含齒囊腫呈現單房性之放射線透過性病灶。
(C) Large dentigerous cysts may be treated with marsupialization particularly when enucleation and curettage might otherwise result in neurosensory dysfunction or predispose the patient to an increased chance of postoperative pathologic fracture of the mandible.
中文補充：一般含齒囊腫會用enucleation剜出術 + curettage，但若囊腫大小較大，導致術後發生病理性骨折或神經感覺功能異常的機會增加，則會建議使用造袋術 marsupialization。
(D) Many dentigerous cysts are small asymptomatic lesions that are discovered ser- endipitously on routine radiographs, although some may grow to considerable size causing bony expansion that is usually painless until secondary infection occurs.
中文補充：很多含齒囊腫並沒有症狀，一般是在例行檢查才會發現到。
額外補充：會合併有其他全身症狀的是odontogenic keratocyst OKC, 通常會伴隨nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (basal cell nevus syndrome, Gorlin’s syndrome)，症狀包括併指、眼距過寬、myloma、肋骨分岔、額骨過突、鈣化腦廉等。
【評論主題】31.關於顎骨內的囊腫及類囊腫良性病灶處理，下列何種手術方式最不適當？(A)複合式切除（composite resection） (B)造袋術（marsupialization） (C)剜出術（enu
【評論內容】
對於顎骨囊腫的手術方式，主要分為三種，分別是 (1)剜出術enucleation (with or without curettage), (2) marginal (i.e., segmental) or partial resection 和 (3)複合式切除composite resection。大部分的良性病灶侵犯性低，所以會用比較保守的方式，如enucleation（視情況伴隨curettage）做處理。
Marsupialization can be used as the sole therapy for a cyst or as a preliminary step in management, with enucleation deferred until later.
若是大小較大的囊腫，為了減低顎骨斷裂的風險，則可以配合造袋術 marsupialization，待囊腫變小後再接續剜出術（enucleation）移除囊腫。
(A) 複合式切除（composite resection）會連同周遭的骨頭、軟組織、淋巴組織一同切除，適用在侵犯性較高的惡性腫瘤。不同手術方式之適應症可參考以下課本表格：
【評論主題】30.關於顎骨發炎性囊腫（inflammatory cyst）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)殘餘囊腫（residual cyst）屬於發炎性囊腫 (B)牙周囊腫（paradental cyst）屬於發炎
【評論內容】
(A)(B)(C) 齒源性囊腫可以分為發育性和發炎性兩大類(參考下表)，其中B選項的paradental cyst等同發生在第一大臼齒的buccal bifurcation cyst。
(D) Epithelium at the apex of a nonvital tooth presumably can be stimulated by inflammation to form a true epithelium-lined cyst, or periapical cyst. The inflammatory response appears to increase the production of keratinocyte growth factor by periodontal stroma cells, leading to increased proliferation of normally quiescent epithelium in the area.
中文補充：發炎性囊腫是失活牙根尖的上皮組織受到發炎反應刺激而成的true epithelium-lined cyst或是periapical cyst.