【評論主題】17.Hall和Hirschman（1991）曾提出數項與性犯罪動機有關的前兆（precursors），下列何者不是Hall與Hirschman所描述的性犯罪前兆？(A)性犯罪者會抱持強暴迷思（認知上
【評論內容】資料來源：Introduction to ...
【評論主題】16.Sampson和Laub（1990）認為下列何者能阻擋犯罪行為之持續？(A)個人因發現自己能主宰（agency）生活而放棄犯罪(B)成年人因加入社會網絡而具有穩定且非正式社會控制（informa
【評論內容】資料來源：Introduction to ...
【評論主題】14.根據緊張理論（Strain Theory），下列何種壓力情況下，不會增加犯罪行為的出現？(A)當遭遇不公平的事件時(B)當感受到極端的壓力時(C)當模仿其他偏差的因應策略時(D)當壓力事件與個人
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資料來源：Introduction to Forensic and Criminal Psychology (2022)Chapter 4: Victims of Crime —— Victim-offender Overlap (p.46)----------------------------------------------------緊張理論由Agnew在1992年提出，指的是有些人沒辦法以心理健康的方式來應對充滿壓力的生活，而這些壓力可能導致憤怒等情緒的出現，進而造成犯罪行為的出現。這是因為這些人會採用消極與適應不良的方式來應對壓力，比如過量飲酒或在社交上自我孤立，提高了違法的風險。參考內文如下：Strain theory (Agnew, 1992). This holds that life is full of strain or stress for many people which they find difficult to deal with successfully in a psychologically healthy way. These strains can include being victimized by crime which results in emotions such as anger. They then employ negative and maladaptive strategies such as excessive alcohol or isolating themselves socially as coping mechanisms. The result is that they are at greater risk of acting against the law.
【評論主題】12.在Ward與Siegert（2002）所提出之有關性犯罪的路徑模式（pathway model）中，認為性犯行涉及四個內在心理機制，下列何者不是路徑模式所述之性犯行心理機制？(A)自戀和心理反彈
【評論內容】資料來源：Introduction to ...
【評論主題】25.有關使用鋰鹽治療雙相情緒障礙症（bipolar disorder），下列敘述何者最不適當？(A)服藥後，大部分患者仍會持續出現輕躁與輕鬱症狀(B)若一開始服用，就必須終生持續服用(C)藥效較慢，
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資料來源：Abnormal Psychology: DSM-5 Update, 12th Edition (2013)Chapter 5: Mood DisordersMedications for Bipolar Disorder (p.161-162)----------------------------------------------------(A) 服藥後，大部分患者仍會持續出現輕躁與輕鬱症狀。參考內文：Even though symptoms may become milder with medications, most patients continue to experience at least mild manic and depressive symptoms.(B) 若一開始服用，就必須終生持續服用。參考內文：It is recommended that lithium be used continually for the person’s entire life (Maj, Pirozzi, Magliano, et al., 1998).(C) 藥效較慢，常與抗精神病藥物共同使用，使患者立即產生心情穩定作用。參考內文：Typically, lithium is used in combination with other medications. Because lithium takes effect gradually, therapy for acute mania typically begins with both lithium and an antipsychotic medication, such as olanzapine, which has an immediate calming effect (Scherk, Pajonk, & Leucht, 2007).
【評論主題】24.符合DSM-5循環型情緒障礙症（cyclothymic disorder）之診斷，在疾病期間，任何無症狀時期不可超過幾個月？(A)一個月(B)二個月(C)三個月(D)四個月
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資料來源：DSM-5（小本）p.76--------------------------------參考內文：根據循環型情緒障礙症的診斷準則，A. 至少兩年（孩童和青少年至少為一年）有多次輕躁症症狀卻不符合輕躁症發作準則，有多次憂鬱症卻不符合鬱症發作準則。B. 在上述兩年（孩童和青少年為至少一年）間，至少有一半時間出現輕躁症狀和憂鬱症狀時期，患者不曾超過兩個月沒有症狀。
【評論主題】23.根據DSM-5，關於兒童期思覺失調症之診斷敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)由於兒童充滿想像力，故難以判斷兒童的不切實際想法為幻想或妄想症狀(B)兒童的語言發展尚未成熟，故難以判斷兒童的語言是否不連貫、
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資料來源：Abnormal Child Psychology.(2015)Chapter 6: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (p.189)----------------------------------------------------
兒童思覺失調症之幻覺以聽幻覺最多，大約 80% 的患者在 11 歲之前發病；只有40%～60%的患者會經驗到視幻覺。參考內文：The most common presenting symptom for children with schizophrenia is auditory hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices that other people cannot hear and are experienced as separate from the individual’s thoughts); they occur in about 80% of patients who have an onset prior to age 11. About 40% to 60% of children with schizophrenia also experience visual hallucinations, delusions (David et al., 2011), and thought disorders characterized by loose associations, illogical thinking, and impaired discourse skills (Caplan et al., 2000).
【評論主題】13.有關創傷後壓力症（posttraumatic stress disorder）的治療與預防方式，下列敘述何者正確？(A)在心理分析中，治療者主要運用自由聯想的方式來緩解個體經驗創傷後的受苦情緒(
【評論內容】
資料來源：Abnormal Psychology: DSM-5 Update, 12th Edition (2013)Chapter 7: Obsessive-Compulsive-Related and Trauma-Related DisordersTreatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disroder (p.220-222)----------------------------------------------------(A) 在心理分析中，治療者主要運用自由聯想的方式來緩解個體經驗創傷後的受苦情緒。
是使用認知治療來增強個案對自己有辦法克服創傷的信念，進而緩解個案經驗創傷後的受苦情緒。(B) 治療的目標在於協助個體有效地阻斷對創傷記憶的提取。
心理治療的目標是鼓勵個體面對創傷的記憶。(C) 選擇性血清素回收抑制劑（SSRIs）是治療創傷後壓力症症狀有療效的藥物之一。
參考內文：One class of antidepressant, the selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), has received strong support as a treatment for PTSD. Relapse is common if medications are discontinued.(D) 想像暴露療法的目的是為了讓個體未來再遇到相似的創傷事件時，不再有恐懼或是逃避的行為。
PTSD的暴露療法：重點在鼓勵個案面對創傷事件。在這個過程中找到控制感，以達到消除焦慮的結果。在可能的情況下，個案會直接接觸體內的創傷，比如返回到事件現場。PTSD的想像暴露療法：透過想像暴露療法來刻意讓個案記住創傷事件，也就是說讓個案在記住創傷事件的當下找到控制感，以達到消除焦慮的結果。參考內文：In PTSD, the focus of exposure treatment is on memories and reminders of the original trauma, with the person being encouraged to confront the trauma to gain mastery and extinguish the anxiety. Where possible, the person is directly exposed to reminders of the trauma in vivo—for example, by returning to the scene of the event. In other cases, imaginal exposure is used—the person deliberately remembers the event (Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, et al., 1989).【評論主題】37 根據 DSM-5，有關第一型雙相情緒障礙症（bipolar I disorder）之流行病學研究發現，下列何者錯誤？ (A)在美國的 12 個月盛行率為 0.6% (B)對 11 個國家的跨文化
【評論內容】
資料來源：DSM-5（第一型雙相情緒障礙症的盛行率）(C) 男性對女性的終生盛行率約為1.1 比 1。
【評論主題】27 下列有關 Reactive Attachment Disorder（RAD）與 Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder（DSED）的敘述，何者正確？ (A
【評論內容】資料來源：Abnormal Child ...