第二部份：非選題(60%)IV.考題設計 20% 

   There is growing evidence that emotional health is as important as medical treatment and lifestyle indetermining not only a person’s chances of surviving cancer, but of getting the disease in the first place.    Personality, in particular, so-called “type-A” characteristics such as aggression, has long been linked toheart disease. But doctors were more reluctant to associate emotional status with tumor growth, whichinvolve a complicated breakdown of the immune system.    In the last four months, however, two well-received studies have been published that found womenwith breast cancer lived longer if they underwent group therapy or demonstrated a fighting spirit against thedisease.   More controversial were three large-scale studies done in Germany and Hungary that found personalitytraits and stressful events were six times more likely to contribute a person’s likelihood of developing cancerthan smoking, cholesterol levels, or any other medical or physical factors. The studies identifiedcancer-prone people as those who tend to be over-cooperative, unassertive, over-patient andconflict-avoiding, all attributes which make one vulnerable to stress.    These studies, published over the past 10 years, were designed by Dr. Ronald Grossarth-Maticek, aYugoslav psychologist now working in Heidelberg, and at first received scant attention in the Western world.But Grossarth-Maticek gained considerable credibility in recent years from the support of Dr. Hans Eysenck,founder of the University of London’s Institute of Psychiatry and a world renowned psychologist. Last year,the two researchers published a study of 850 randomly chosen people who, on the basis of personality tests,were divided into four groups---those thought to be susceptible to cancer or to heart disease and those whodid not show factors associated with two diseases, but differed in other ways. They divided in the same wayanother group of more than 1,000 people who suffered from marked stress, and followed up both groups tenyears later.    Of the people under stress, 38.4 percent of the cancer-prone died of cancer, compared with less thantwo percent of the groups without heart or cancer-prone personalities. There were significantly more cancerdeaths in the cancer-prone samples than coronary deaths among those characterized as susceptible to heartdisease. “The results have very profound social and medical consequences,” Eysenck told a recent Londonconference on Cancer and the Mind. “One of our problems is…how to make use of this knowledge.”      Eysenck could not explain why personality plays a part in tumor growth, which is one reason many doctors remain cautious about interpreting the results of the studies. Some cancer specialists warn that,without more knowledge, such studies could do more harm than good. Cancer specialists are moreencouraged by studies showing that therapy and a positive attitude can play a critical role, when coupledwith medical treatment, in helping cancer patients fight the disease.