【評論主題】12.有關結膜炎的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)流行性角結膜炎主要因腺病毒感染所致 (B)過敏性結膜炎可見結膜乳凸（papillae） (C)病毒性結膜炎較常出現結膜濾泡（follicles） (D)新生
【評論內容】Congenital infection
【評論主題】11.下列疾病併發葡萄膜炎發作時，何者多以單眼發作為主？(A)貝西氏症（Behçet disease） (B)類肉瘤症（Sarcoidosis） (C)原田氏症（Vogt-Koyanagi-Harad
【評論內容】Unilateral acute anterior uveitis (HLA B27 uveitis)
【評論主題】10.有關高度近視合併黃斑部脈絡膜新生血管之敘述，下列何者錯誤？ (A)高度近視產生黃斑部脈絡膜新生血管的風險，不會因近視雷射手術減少 (B)若影響到患者視力，玻璃體內注射抗血管內皮生長因子（anti
【評論內容】高度近視的你 有沒有說要每天吃葉黃素呢？ (除非你的知識來源於廠商）
【評論主題】9.使用呼吸道正壓治療（positive pressure therapy），壓力過高時會產生過度擴張肺泡的副作用，其可能影響的生理表現，下列何者錯誤？ (A)增加死腔（dead space），減少有
【評論內容】『明顯』錯誤。。。。。。
【評論主題】46.關於泌乳激素（prolactin）血中濃度與臨床症狀關係之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)血中濃度為2～30 ng/mL時，若無其他機能異常者會正常排卵(B)隨著血中濃度逐漸升高，可能造成不排卵、無月
【評論內容】
Prolactin level 在晚上10時至凌晨2時達到最高點
【評論主題】45.關於骨質密度之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)約於35～40歲時達到最強最硬，之後逐漸流失(B)停經後2～3年，流失最快最多(C)70歲以上，骨質流失速率女性比男性快(D)抗地心引力之運動，可以增加骨
【評論內容】
The amount of bone tissue in the skeleton, known as bone mass, can keep growing until around age 30. At that point, bones have reached their maximum strength and density, known as peak bone mass. Women tend to experience minimal change in total bone mass between age 30 and menopause.
(Soure : https://www.bones.nih.gov)
【評論主題】43.有關卵巢生殖細胞索或間質細胞瘤（ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors） 的病理或臨床特徵，下列何者錯誤？(A)Call-Exner bodies是卵巢支持間質細胞瘤（S
【評論內容】
Call–Exner bodies are small eosinophilic fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells. The granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space. They are pathognomonic for granulosa celltumors.
【評論主題】12.關於韁核（habenular nucleus）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)位於丘腦上部（epithalamus）(B)與丘腦髓紋（stria medullaris thalami）相連接(C)經
【評論內容】
WIKI : The habenular nuclei are involved in pain processing, reproductive behavior, nutrition, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and learning
【評論主題】23.下列何者為喉癌（laryngeal cancer）最常見之症狀？(A)吞嚥疼痛（odynophagia）(B)聲音沙啞（hoarseness）(C)喘鳴（stridor）(D)呼吸困難（dysp
【評論內容】
Wikipedia :
Hoarseness or other voice changesA lump in the neckA sore throat or feeling that something is stuck in the throatPersistent coughStridor - a high-pitched wheezing sound indicative of a narrowed or obstructed airwayBad breathEarache ("referred")Difficulty swallowing【評論主題】17.40歲的女性病患主訴反覆眩暈發作數年，病史中得知每次發作都有懼光（photophobia）或懼音（phonophobia），且常常發作都與月經期有關。當食用乳製品（dairy products如
【評論內容】
Vestibular migraine may be an important cause of dizziness/vertigo in perimenopausalperiod (NCBI)
【評論主題】9.下列有關中心漿液性脈絡視網膜病變（central serous chorioretinopathy, CSCR）之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)視網膜感覺層（sensory retina）之漿液性剝離（s
【評論內容】
WIKI : results in blurred or distorted vision (metamorphopsia). A blurred or gray spot in the central visual field is common when the retina is detached. Reduced visual acuity may persist after the fluid has disappeared
eyeWIKI : CSR causes unilateral vision loss usually in males due to development of sub-retinal fluid, typically between the ages of 20 and 50 years old. However, females with CSCR usually are older than males.
【評論主題】15.關於乾眼症的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)淚膜裂解時間（tear film break-up time）主要是測淚水的穩定度，高於10秒屬異常(B)淚水層缺少之乾眼症病患，若有角膜點狀上皮糜爛（pu
【評論內容】
淚膜檢查 淚膜破裂時間（tear break-up time，TBUT淚膜破裂時間（tear break-up time，TBUT）是指一次完全瞬目後到淚膜上出現第一個乾燥斑的時間，測量淚膜破裂時間是測量淚膜穩定性的唯一的直接測量方法。淚膜破裂時間的檢測方法根據在淚液中有無添加熒光素進行染色而分?兩種：? 侵犯性：使用熒光素將淚膜染色，淚膜破裂時，會出現黑點，易於觀察，其正常值在10 ｓ以上；? 非侵犯性：使用淚膜鏡測量，其正常值在15～45 ｓ之間。正常眼的非侵犯性淚膜破裂時間（NIBUT）非侵犯性淚膜破裂時間（NIBUT通常大於用熒光素測量的侵犯性淚膜破裂時間。 (Source : http://www.nobelgroup.com.tw/pastense/page01_2.php?branchnum=BOOK07&sortid=9)
【評論主題】5.下列何種藥物可能有腎上腺功能的抑制作用，面對腎上腺功能障礙的病人，應特別小心使用？(A)thiopental(B)etomidate(C)dexmedetomidine(D)ketamine
【評論內容】
Because of etomidate-induced adrenal suppression, its use for patients with sepsis is controversial. (Source : Wikipedia)
【評論主題】78.下列何者是組織結構蛋白（structural proteins）缺損引起的遺傳性疾病？(A)埃勒斯－當洛症候群（Ehlers-Danlos syndrome）(B)黏多醣貯積症（mucopoly
【評論內容】
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common type, known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease, becomes apparent around three to six months of age with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl. (WIKIPedia)
【評論主題】55.下列那一種利尿劑最適用於急性肺水腫病人？(A)thiazide(B)ethacrynic acid(C)acetazolamide(D)spironolactone
【評論內容】
WIKIPEDIA : Etacrynic acid (INN) or ethacrynic acid (USAN), trade name Edecrin, is a loop diureticused to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.
【評論主題】54.肝硬化引起的水腫對下列何種藥物之反應最佳？(A)mannitol(B)eplerenone(C)bumetanide(D)thiazide
【評論內容】
Eplerenone is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group that is used as an adjunct in the management of chronic heart failure. Classed as a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA),[5] it is similar to the diuretic spironolactone, though it is much more selective for the mineralocorticoid receptor in comparison. (WIKIpedia)
【評論主題】53.下列何者為抗甲狀腺機能亢進藥物perchlorate主要的作用機轉？(A)阻斷甲狀腺攝取碘離子（thyroidal uptake of iodide）的作用(B)抑制甲狀腺過氧化物酶催化反應（t
【評論內容】
Potassium perchlorate has, in the past, been used therapeutically to treat hyperthyroidism resulting from Graves' disease. It impedes the accumulation of iodide in the thyroid, which blocks thyroid hormone production
【評論主題】51.關於抗病毒藥物acyclovir之敘述，下列何者正確？(A)為adenosine衍生物(B)須被宿主細胞之thymidine kinase加入第一個磷酸根後才易被活化產生藥效(C)只會作用於被病
【評論內容】
須被宿主細胞病毒之thymidine kinase加入第一個磷酸根後才易被活化產生藥效.
(WIKI : Aciclovir is converted by viral thymidine kinase to aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted by host cell kinases to aciclovir triphosphat)
【評論主題】64.對血清素（serotonin）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)大腦和腸道分泌大多為不同之亞型（subtype）(B)消化道分泌量約占全身產量的90%(C)由胱胺酸（cystine）所合成(D)主要由
【評論內容】
Wikipedia
Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements
Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan
【評論主題】56.有關von Willebrand factor之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)主要由血管平滑肌細胞製造(B)血管壁受損時，可和血小板結合(C)可直接活化血小板(D)可調控凝血第八因子（factor
【評論內容】
WIKIPEDIA : VWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively as ultra-large VWF in endothelium (in the Weibel-Palade bodies), megakaryocytes (α-granules of platelets), and subendothelial connective tissue.
【評論主題】51.有關運動控制（motor control），下列敘述何者正確？(A)只有來自大腦運動皮層的神經元可以控制骨骼肌收縮(B)α運動神經元細胞本體位於大腦運動皮層(C)基底核（basal nuclei
【評論內容】
Alpha motor neurons (α-MNs) innervating the head and neck are found in the brainstem; the remaining α-MNs innervate the rest of the body and are found in the spinal cord.
【評論主題】46.關於虹膜（iris）的敘述，何項錯誤？(A)虹膜屬於眼球之纖維層（tunica fibrosa）(B)眼球之前房及後房（anterior & posterior chamber）是以虹膜為界限(
【評論內容】
https://www.slideserve.com/lilac/eye
【評論主題】48.下列對referred pain的敘述，何者最恰當？(A)referred pain的發生，最常見的原因是內臟神經與體神經的傳入纖維在延腦區會合所致(B)胃與胰臟發炎造成的referred pa
【評論內容】
As a general rule, in the thorax and abdomen, general visceral afferent (GVA) pain fibers follow sympathetic fibers back to the same spinal cord segments that gave rise to the preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
【評論主題】49.無論是交感神經或副交感神經興奮的作用，均可促進下列那一個腺體的分泌？(A)salivary glands(B)adrenal glands(C)gastric glands(D)acini of
【評論內容】
Wikipedia : Parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli result in an increase in salivary gland secretions.[14] The sympathetic nervous system also affects salivary gland secretions indirectly by innervating the blood vessels that supply the glands.
【評論主題】43.有關呼吸系統之組織發生病變，下列敘述何者錯誤？(A)囊腫性纖維化（cystic fibrosis）是一種好發於小孩與年輕人的遺傳性、慢性阻塞呼吸疾病(B)肺泡巨噬細胞（alveolar macr
【評論內容】
M. tuberculosis is inhaled via aerosols into the lung, where they are internalized within alveolar macrophages. Inside nonactivated macrophages (those within the center of the granuloma), mycobacteria (indicated in red) resist destruction, although macrophage activation by T cell-dependent cytokines can overcome this resistance (activated macrophages are believed to reside at the periphery of the granuloma).(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312808001546...
【評論主題】34.下列有關脾臟（spleen）發育之敘述，何項錯誤？(A)最早出現於背側胃繫膜（dorsal mesogastrium）之間(B)源自前腸（foregut）內胚層（endoderm）(C)原先位於
【評論內容】
Spleen developed from mesodermal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium. The dorsal mesogastrium connected to the spleen will be the gastrosplenic and leinorenal ligaments.
【評論主題】42.有關肝臟之組織，下列何者錯誤？(A)肝細胞中的脂蛋白複體（lipoprotein complex）在電鏡下呈密心小泡（dense-cored vesicle）形態(B)肝細胞脂蛋白複體（lipo
【評論內容】
The area around the central vein, or zone 3, is most prone to ischemic damage (https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)61235-4/pdf)
【評論主題】12.膝關節受傷扯斷脛側副韌帶（tibial collateral ligament），下列何者最可能同時受損？(A)髕骨（patella）(B)腓骨（fibula）(C)內側關節盤（medial m
【評論內容】
The unhappy triad occurs due to a lateral blow to the knee causing a rupture in the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus. Injury is most often sustained when a lateral (from the outside) force impacts the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground. The strong valgus or rotary force to the knee tears the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus all together. This type of injury occurs often in contact sports such as football, rugby, or motocross. During the injury, the leg is laterally rotated and over-abducted. In about 10% of cases, the force is applied to the opposite...
【評論主題】60.在臨床上有一部分的小孩因類胰島素成長因子（insulin-like growth factor; IGF-1）的缺乏，因此造成生長發育遲緩的現象，下列何種藥物可以用來促進其生長發育？ (A)重組
【評論內容】
1. Recombinant human growth hormone =short stature associated with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), Turner syndrome (TS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency (SHOX-D) and being born small for gestational age (SGA).
2. Octreotide = Somatostatin Analog (inhabit Growth hormone)
3. Mecasermin=recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1)
4. Pegvisomant = blocks growth hormone receptor - reduce IGF-1 production...
【評論主題】60.下列有關膝前十字韌帶（anterior cruciate ligament）斷裂的敘述，何者錯誤？(A)疼痛是急性期最常見的症狀 (B)冰敷、抬高、壓迫是急性期重要的處理方法 (C)拉
【評論內容】
When you injure your anterior cruciate ligament, you might hear a "popping" noise and you may feel your knee give out from under you. Other typical symptoms include:
Pain with swelling. Within 24 hours, your knee will swell. If ignored, the swelling and pain may resolve on its own. However, if you attempt to return to sports, your knee will probably be unstable and you risk causing further damage to the cushioning cartilage (meniscus) of your knee.Loss of full range of motionTenderness along the joint lineDiscomfort while walking (https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/anterior-cruc...【評論主題】62.Lisfranc截肢病患的殘肢不會留有下列那一塊骨頭？(A)蹠骨（metatarsus） (B)楔骨（cuneiform） (C)跟骨（calcaneus） (D)距骨（talus）
【評論內容】
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahboobeh_Mehdikhani2/publication/316814215/figure/fig1/AS:493013110661120@1494554893082/Levels-of-partial-foot-amputation.png
【評論主題】44.一位65歲女性，子宮頸腫瘤大小約5公分，切片證實為鱗狀上皮細胞癌，內診發現骨盆腔組織變硬，攝影檢查顯示輸尿管水腫現象，病人也有坐骨神經痛情形，但一連串之檢查並未發 現骨盆腔外轉移之情形，下列何者
【評論內容】
Concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. (Figo stage IB2 to IVA)
【評論主題】41.下列何者不是人類乳突病毒（HPV）的主要高危險型病毒？(A)HPV 16 (B)HPV 18 (C)HPV 11 (D)HPV 52
【評論內容】
WIKIpedia
低危險群6,11,41,42,43,44型高危險群16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,68,70型【評論主題】38.32歲陳太太，主訴痛經，性交疼痛且不孕已四年，腹腔鏡下發現如下圖所示，下列何者正確？ (A)為良性腫瘤，手術後不易復發 (B)術後用短療程（short protocol）刺激排卵，比長療程受孕率
【評論內容】
Endometriosis
【評論主題】37. 50歲婦女，6年前因子宮肌瘤切除子宮，主訴心悸、熱潮紅、失眠，血液中FSH濃度50mIU/mL，最適當的藥物治療為： (A)雌激素 (B)黃體素 (C)雌激素合併黃體素 (D)雄性素
【評論內容】
Adding a progestin — We suggest oral micronized progesterone as our first-line progestin. All women with an intact uterus need a progestin in addition to estrogen to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, which can occur after as little as six months of unopposed ET. Women who have undergone hysterectomy should not receive a progestin, as there are no other health benefits other than prevention of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.
(https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-menopausal-symptoms-with-hormone-therapy#H5...
【評論主題】53 一位 68 歲男性COPD病患，去年已有兩次因為acute exacerbation住院放置氣管內管使用呼吸器治療。最近一星期明顯咳嗽加劇，痰量增加，顏色變黃，伴有輕微發燒及嚴重呼吸困難，急診室
【評論內容】
Keep SpO2 ~90%, to avoid hypoxia
【評論主題】52 一位 27 歲男性，因為三個月的乾咳與胸悶到院求診。胸部 X 光顯示為兩側肺門腫塊。胸部電腦斷層顯示為兩側肺門與縱膈腔淋巴腺腫。淋巴結活體切片病理顯示為非乳酪狀壞死之肉芽腫。有關後續診斷與治療的
【評論內容】
Sacoidosis : noncaseating granuloma, elevated ACE, Ca (normal PTH)
【評論主題】46 一位 58 歲男性，過去無全身性疾病之病史，最近在例行之健康檢查中發現其血液相如下：血紅素14.7 g/dL，血比容 46%，白血球數 12,350/μL，血小板數 725,000/μL。其他生
【評論內容】
Often, no treatment is required or necessary for reactive thrombocytosis. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis of more than 1,000x109/L, it may be considered to administer daily low dose aspirin (such as 65 mg) to minimize the risk of stroke or thrombosis.[8]
However, in essential thrombocythemia, if platelet counts are over 750,000 or 1,000,000, and especially if there are other risk factors for thrombosis, treatment may be needed. Selective use of aspirin at low doses is thought to be protective. Extremely high platelet counts can be treated with hydroxyurea (a cytoreducing agent) or a...
【評論主題】50 關於 Legionnaire’s disease 的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)目前有超過 50 種的 Legionella species 被確認，其中 Legionella pneumophi
【評論內容】
L pneumophila by urinary antigen testing (LPUAT) is a rapid tool for early diagnosis of Legionella infection (6-14). An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detecting L pneumophila serogroup 1, which accounts for between 50% and 70% of cases of Legionella pneumonia (15,16), has been shown to be both sensitive and specific. In addition, some studies have shown that the test is capable of cross-reacting with several L pneumophila serogroups and even other Legionella species (6,9). Specificity is typically more than 99% (7-9).
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094914/...
【評論主題】25 王小明，25 歲，高中入學之體檢發現有B型肝炎帶原，之後有定期追蹤。目前肝功能AST 20 U/L，ALT15 U/L，HBeAg陽性，HBV DNA值為 2×107IU/mL。家族史方面，他的
【評論內容】
http://www2.edah.org.tw/gi/commond16.php
【評論主題】20 關於 C 型肝炎的傳染途徑，下列何者錯誤？(A) C 型肝炎和 B 型肝炎一樣是經由體液及血液感染(B)過去輸注血液或血漿製品是重要的傳染途徑(C)其他傳染途徑如性行為，家庭內接觸亦很常見(D)
【評論內容】
C 應該錯在 ：家庭內接觸亦很常見
請看台灣 CDC 網站所訴
C型肝炎病毒主要是經由含有血液透過皮膚或粘膜進入體內而傳染。因此與他人共用污染針具、注射器或接受污染之血液、血液製劑、使用滅菌不完全之器械(具)均有可能感染，而與C型肝炎感染者發生性行為、共用沾血之個人器具(如刮鬍刀、牙刷、指甲剪、刮痧板)或經由母子垂直感染方式亦有可能發生感染。母子垂直感染機率約6%，如果產婦為C型肝炎且合併感染愛滋病毒(以下簡稱HIV)，會增加其新生兒感染C型肝炎的風險。
【評論主題】14 下列有關心律不整之機轉（mechanism），何者正確？(A) Delayed afterdepolarization（DAD）主要原因為細胞內鉀離子過多(B) Early afterdepol
【評論內容】
(A) Delayed afterdepolarization（DAD）:elevated cytosolic calcium concentrations, classically seen with digoxin toxicity(B) 正確 : Early afterdepolarization（EAD）主要之原因為動作電位間期（action potential duration）過長 (C) Torsades des pointes 之主要原因為 Early afterdepolarization (D) 細胞外鉀離子過低(hypokalemia)，易引起 early afterdepolarization
【評論主題】3 對急性心肌梗塞的病人進行血栓溶解劑治療（thrombolytic therapy）時，下列敘述何者最不正確？(A)治療的黃金時間是在急性心肌梗塞發作後 6 小時內給予(B)治療最常見的副作用是出血
【評論內容】
Source : imagenesmy.com
【評論主題】49 一位 5 個月大的男孩，父母發現他在剛睡醒時常會有一陣陣全身抽動現象，每隔幾秒就抽動一次，一連串的發作甚至可達 3 至 5 分鐘。下列敘述何者錯誤？(A)ACTH、corticosteroid
【評論內容】
Approximately a third of children with West syndrome may develop recurrent epileptic seizures as they age. The syndrome often develops into the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with mixed types of seizures that are difficult to control and is associated with intellectual disability.
Approximately another third of children with West syndrome will continue to have epileptic spasms at an older age group.
The last third to quarter of patients will have spasms that resolve with time, usually in patients who have no clear etiology.
epileptic spasmsinfantile spasmshttps://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/west-sy...
【評論主題】37 60 歲男性，【題組】在腹股溝出現搔癢之紅斑以伍氏燈（Wood’s light）檢查出現如圖之發現，最適合之診斷為：：(A)erythrasma (B)candidal intertrigo(C
【評論內容】紅癬檢查 : 感染腋下, 胯下紅癬的患者患部用烏氏光檢查, 可看到珊瑚紅色的螢光。 http://www.mmh.org.tw/taitam/derma/service/id-wood.html
【評論主題】【題組】38 承上題，這位患者皮膚病的致病菌為(A)Trichophyton rubrum(B)Malassezia furfur(C)Candida albicans (D)Corynebacter
【評論內容】
Corynebacterium minutissimum is a species of Corynebacterium associated with erythrasma, a type of skin rash. (wikipedia)
【評論主題】24 下列何者不可作為過敏性鼻炎長期維持性治療藥物？(A)鼻內類固醇噴劑（corticosteroids） (B)鼻內去充血噴劑（decongestants）(C)鼻內色甘酸鈉噴劑（cromolyn
【評論內容】
Topical intranasal decongestants are sometimes used by patients with allergic rhinitis. However, when these agents are used for longer than 3 to 5 days, many patients experience rebound congestion after withdrawal of the drug. If patients continue to use these medications over several months, a form of rhinitis, rhinitis medicamentosa, will develop, which can be difficult to treat effectively. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/decongestants)
【評論主題】76.25歲頭部外傷男性病人，至急診時昏迷指數（Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS）3分，實施心肺復甦術並放置氣管內管之後，此時使用潮氣末二氧化碳偵測器（End-tidal CO2dete
【評論內容】
一、在成功的氣管插管中，吐氣二氧化碳分壓介於10到80毫米汞柱之間，並有典型的呼吸波形。
二、當氣管插管誤入食道時，吐氣二氧化碳分壓小於5毫米汞柱且無明顯呼吸波形。
三、單肺插管或氣管插管外拔至聲門以上時，吐氣二氧化碳分壓會降低，待調整至適當位置時則上升。
(Source : http://readopac1.ncl.edu.tw/nclserialFront/search/summny_list.jsp?sysId=0005381201&dtdId=000040)
【評論主題】59.男性心因性勃起（psychogenic erection）功能的控制神經組織位在何處？(A)第十胸髓至第二腰髓的體神經(B)第十胸髓至第二腰髓的交感神經(C)第二至第四薦腰的體神經(D)第二至第
【評論內容】
In man, many patients with sacral spinal cord injury retain psychogenic erectile ability even though reflexogenic erection is abolished. These cerebrally elicited erections are found more frequently in patients with lower motoneuron lesions below T12.12 No psychogenic erection occurs in patients with lesions above T9; the efferent sympathetic outflow is thus suggested to be at the levels T11 and T12.13 Also reported, in these patients with psychogenic erections, lengthening and swelling of the penis are observed but rigidity is insufficient.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351...
【評論主題】53.美莉產檢時超音波發現，此雙胞胎有兩個羊膜腔，但共用一個胎盤，會有發生雙胞胎間輸血症候群（twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome）的風險，關於雙胞胎間輸血症候群（TTT
【評論內容】
It is the combination of oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios in a MC twin pair seen by ultrasound that indicates the diagnosis of TTTS.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
WIKI
Quintero StagesA staging system is commonly used to classify the severity of TTTS.[3]
Stage I: A small amount of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) is found around the donor twin and a large amount of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) is found around the recipient twin.
Stage II: In addition to the description above, the ultrasound is not able to identify the bladder in the donor twin.
Stage ...
【評論主題】52.美莉37歲，結婚4年都沒有避孕，2年前自然流產過一次，就沒有再懷孕過。美莉與先生一直很想生個小孩，於是來到婦產科求診，先生的精液檢查，數量和活動力都正常，但美莉的月經一直不是很規則，於是醫師先給
【評論內容】
使用clomiphene誘導排卵時 : 同卵雙胞胎 的機率亦會增加
【評論主題】43.一名69歲停經後女性，因陰道出血接受子宮內膜搔刮手術，病理報告顯示為類子宮內膜腺癌、細胞分化為第3級（grade 3），骨盆腔核磁共振檢查（MRI）發現疑有子宮深層肌肉層侵犯，下列敘述何者正確？
【評論內容】
子宮內膜癌又分為第一型(PTEN, KRAS,microsatellite instability)和第二型(p53)。第一型通常發生在較年輕女性 ，與肥胖和雌激素過度刺激有關，第二型通常發生在較年長女性 ，與基因缺陷有關。
【評論主題】42.化學治療合併的副作用，下列何者關係較不明確？(A)doxorubicin與心臟毒性(B)bleomycin與肺部纖維化(C)cisplatin與腎臟毒性(D)carboplatin與出血性膀胱炎
【評論內容】
Carboplatin : 貧血、噁心、嘔吐、嗜中性白血球減少症。
【評論主題】40.一位34歲女性，G0（gravida），已嘗試懷孕3年都未能成功受孕。她有多年骨盆腔疼痛及嚴重的性交疼痛（dyspareunia）。骨盆腔檢查發現nodular and tender utero
【評論內容】
Ovarian endometriomas are common and are regarded as specific manifestation of the disease endometriosis. Laparoscopic cystectomy is the gold standard surgical technique of clinical care for women with endometriosis and pelvic pain or infertility.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150139/
【評論主題】44.林士，64歲，過去除自然生產次外無特殊疾病史，因陰道大量出血至急診求診，經內診發現子宮頸有一個2公分腫瘤，片證實為子宮頸上皮癌，腫瘤範圍至下1/3陰道後壁，左側子宮旁組織有腫瘤侵犯跡象
【評論內容】
CCRT for locally advanced tumor
【評論主題】30 下列何者由後腎中胚層（metanephric mesoderm）形成？(A)輸尿管（ureter） (B)集尿管（collecting duct）(C)近曲小管（proximal convolu
【評論內容】
https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/11urinarysystem.htm
【評論主題】11 耳下腺導管（parotid duct）穿過下列何者開口於口腔？(A)嚼肌（masseter muscle） (B)內翼肌（medial pterygoid muscle）(C)頰肌（buccin
【評論內容】
https://www.earthslab.com/anatomy/medial-pterygoid-muscle/
【評論主題】92 人因工學建議，需站立工作者之工作檯高度，依工作別分：①精密工作（Precision work） ②輕工作（Light work） ③較重工作（Heavier work），相對高低排序（由高到低）
【評論內容】
When assemblers must stand to perform tasks, workbench heights should be as follows:• precision work: above elbow height.• light work: just below elbow height. • heavy work: 4 to 6 inches below elbow height.
【評論主題】79 下列有關瘧原蟲之敘述中，何者正確？(A)感染人類之瘧疾中，以卵形瘧（ovale malaria）的地理分布最廣(B)臺灣近年有境外移入諾氏瘧原蟲（Plasmodium knowlesi）感染的病
【評論內容】
CDC: 自撲瘧進入保全期以來，每年境外移入病例約10~30例，主要來源是東南亞地區、非洲及大洋洲，而以熱帶瘧為最多，次為間日瘧，三日瘧及卵形瘧則罕見。
【評論主題】82 下列有關恙蟲病（scrub typhus）之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)其致病原在自然界中以鼠類為主要儲菌宿主（reservoir host）(B)臺閩地區之病媒蟎種主要為地里恙蟎（Leptotrom
【評論內容】
CDC.gov.tw : 恙蟎的動物宿主有囓齒類、哺乳類（羊、豬、狗、貓）、鳥類等，其中以囓齒類鼠類為主，並可長期保菌和傳播恙蟲病立克次體（O. tsutsugamushi ）。感染立克次體的恙蟎，會經由卵性遺傳而代傳立克次體，並於其四個發育期中，即卵、幼蟲、若蟲、成蟲各階段均保有立克次體，成為永久性感染。
五、傳染方式（Mode of transmission）
恙蟲病的病媒為恙蟎（Mite），屬於蛛形綱（Arachnida），幼蟲（chigger）相當微小，肉眼幾乎看不見。恙螨會停留於草叢中，伺機攀附到經過的動物或人類身上，宿主遭具傳染性的恙蟎幼蟲叮咬，經由其唾液使宿主感染立克次體，不會直接由人傳染給人。在臺灣，恙蟲病的病媒主要是地里恙蟎（Leptotrombidium de...
【評論主題】42 下列有關 Kanagawa hemolysin 之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)由 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 所分泌 (B)是一種對熱穩定的毒素(C)在羊血培養基呈 β 溶血現象
【評論內容】
神奈川試驗(kanagawa test)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus副溶血性弧菌中某些菌株在含有7%高鹽及D-甘露醇為碳源的瓊脂平板上(TCBS培養基)，加入人O型血或兔血後可出現β溶血帶，稱為"神奈川試驗"陽性。引起食物中毒的副溶血性弧菌有90%可使神奈川試驗呈現陽性結果。
【評論主題】30 下列何者由後腎中胚層（metanephric mesoderm）形成？(A)輸尿管（ureter） (B)集尿管（collecting duct）(C)近曲小管（proximal convolu
【評論內容】
https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/11urinarysystem.htm
【評論主題】11 耳下腺導管（parotid duct）穿過下列何者開口於口腔？(A)嚼肌（masseter muscle） (B)內翼肌（medial pterygoid muscle）(C)頰肌（buccin
【評論內容】
https://www.earthslab.com/anatomy/medial-pterygoid-muscle/
【評論主題】92 人因工學建議，需站立工作者之工作檯高度，依工作別分：①精密工作（Precision work） ②輕工作（Light work） ③較重工作（Heavier work），相對高低排序（由高到低）
【評論內容】
When assemblers must stand to perform tasks, workbench heights should be as follows:• precision work: above elbow height.• light work: just below elbow height. • heavy work: 4 to 6 inches below elbow height.
【評論主題】82 下列有關恙蟲病（scrub typhus）之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)其致病原在自然界中以鼠類為主要儲菌宿主（reservoir host）(B)臺閩地區之病媒蟎種主要為地里恙蟎（Leptotrom
【評論內容】
CDC.gov.tw : 恙蟎的動物宿主有囓齒類、哺乳類（羊、豬、狗、貓）、鳥類等，其中以囓齒類鼠類為主，並可長期保菌和傳播恙蟲病立克次體（O. tsutsugamushi ）。感染立克次體的恙蟎，會經由卵性遺傳而代傳立克次體，並於其四個發育期中，即卵、幼蟲、若蟲、成蟲各階段均保有立克次體，成為永久性感染。
五、傳染方式（Mode of transmission）
恙蟲病的病媒為恙蟎（Mite），屬於蛛形綱（Arachnida），幼蟲（chigger）相當微小，肉眼幾乎看不見。恙螨會停留於草叢中，伺機攀附到經過的動物或人類身上，宿主遭具傳染性的恙蟎幼蟲叮咬，經由其唾液使宿主感染立克次體，不會直接由人傳染給人。在臺灣，恙蟲病的病媒主要是地里恙蟎（Leptotrombidium de...
【評論主題】79 下列有關瘧原蟲之敘述中，何者正確？(A)感染人類之瘧疾中，以卵形瘧（ovale malaria）的地理分布最廣(B)臺灣近年有境外移入諾氏瘧原蟲（Plasmodium knowlesi）感染的病
【評論內容】
CDC: 自撲瘧進入保全期以來，每年境外移入病例約10~30例，主要來源是東南亞地區、非洲及大洋洲，而以熱帶瘧為最多，次為間日瘧，三日瘧及卵形瘧則罕見。
【評論主題】42 下列有關 Kanagawa hemolysin 之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)由 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 所分泌 (B)是一種對熱穩定的毒素(C)在羊血培養基呈 β 溶血現象
【評論內容】
神奈川試驗(kanagawa test)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus副溶血性弧菌中某些菌株在含有7%高鹽及D-甘露醇為碳源的瓊脂平板上(TCBS培養基)，加入人O型血或兔血後可出現β溶血帶，稱為"神奈川試驗"陽性。引起食物中毒的副溶血性弧菌有90%可使神奈川試驗呈現陽性結果。
【評論主題】17.有關於鼻咽血管纖維瘤（angiofibroma）之敘述，下列何者正確？(A)是鼻咽部最常見之良性腫瘤 (B)男女發生率差不多 (C)以中老年者居多 (D)放射治療是主要治療方式
【評論內容】
鼻咽部常見的良性腫瘤=鼻咽纖維血管瘤。好發於男性，青少年
鼻咽反覆出血
一般建議整個腫物切除手術，術後進行病理檢查確診。原文網址：https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/health/ya5648k.html
【評論主題】43.有關卵巢生殖細胞索或間質細胞瘤（ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors） 的病理或臨床特徵，下列何者錯誤？(A)Call-Exner bodies是卵巢支持間質細胞瘤（S
【評論內容】
Call–Exner bodies are small eosinophilic fluid-filled spaces between granulosa cells. The granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space. They are pathognomonic for granulosa celltumors.
【評論主題】46.關於泌乳激素（prolactin）血中濃度與臨床症狀關係之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)血中濃度為2～30 ng/mL時，若無其他機能異常者會正常排卵(B)隨著血中濃度逐漸升高，可能造成不排卵、無月
【評論內容】
Prolactin level 在晚上10時至凌晨2時達到最高點
【評論主題】45.關於骨質密度之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)約於35～40歲時達到最強最硬，之後逐漸流失(B)停經後2～3年，流失最快最多(C)70歲以上，骨質流失速率女性比男性快(D)抗地心引力之運動，可以增加骨
【評論內容】
The amount of bone tissue in the skeleton, known as bone mass, can keep growing until around age 30. At that point, bones have reached their maximum strength and density, known as peak bone mass. Women tend to experience minimal change in total bone mass between age 30 and menopause.
(Soure : https://www.bones.nih.gov)
【評論主題】12.關於韁核（habenular nucleus）的敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)位於丘腦上部（epithalamus）(B)與丘腦髓紋（stria medullaris thalami）相連接(C)經
【評論內容】
WIKI : The habenular nuclei are involved in pain processing, reproductive behavior, nutrition, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and learning
【評論主題】23.下列何者為喉癌（laryngeal cancer）最常見之症狀？(A)吞嚥疼痛（odynophagia）(B)聲音沙啞（hoarseness）(C)喘鳴（stridor）(D)呼吸困難（dysp
【評論內容】
Wikipedia :
Hoarseness or other voice changesA lump in the neckA sore throat or feeling that something is stuck in the throatPersistent coughStridor - a high-pitched wheezing sound indicative of a narrowed or obstructed airwayBad breathEarache ("referred")Difficulty swallowing【評論主題】15.關於乾眼症的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)淚膜裂解時間（tear film break-up time）主要是測淚水的穩定度，高於10秒屬異常(B)淚水層缺少之乾眼症病患，若有角膜點狀上皮糜爛（pu
【評論內容】
淚膜檢查 淚膜破裂時間（tear break-up time，TBUT淚膜破裂時間（tear break-up time，TBUT）是指一次完全瞬目後到淚膜上出現第一個乾燥斑的時間，測量淚膜破裂時間是測量淚膜穩定性的唯一的直接測量方法。淚膜破裂時間的檢測方法根據在淚液中有無添加熒光素進行染色而分?兩種：? 侵犯性：使用熒光素將淚膜染色，淚膜破裂時，會出現黑點，易於觀察，其正常值在10 ｓ以上；? 非侵犯性：使用淚膜鏡測量，其正常值在15～45 ｓ之間。正常眼的非侵犯性淚膜破裂時間（NIBUT）非侵犯性淚膜破裂時間（NIBUT通常大於用熒光素測量的侵犯性淚膜破裂時間。 (Source : http://www.nobelgroup.com.tw/pastense/page01_2.php?branchnum=BOOK07&sortid=9)
【評論主題】17.40歲的女性病患主訴反覆眩暈發作數年，病史中得知每次發作都有懼光（photophobia）或懼音（phonophobia），且常常發作都與月經期有關。當食用乳製品（dairy products如
【評論內容】
Vestibular migraine may be an important cause of dizziness/vertigo in perimenopausalperiod (NCBI)
【評論主題】5.下列何種藥物可能有腎上腺功能的抑制作用，面對腎上腺功能障礙的病人，應特別小心使用？(A)thiopental(B)etomidate(C)dexmedetomidine(D)ketamine
【評論內容】
Because of etomidate-induced adrenal suppression, its use for patients with sepsis is controversial. (Source : Wikipedia)
【評論主題】9.下列有關中心漿液性脈絡視網膜病變（central serous chorioretinopathy, CSCR）之敘述，何者錯誤？(A)視網膜感覺層（sensory retina）之漿液性剝離（s
【評論內容】
WIKI : results in blurred or distorted vision (metamorphopsia). A blurred or gray spot in the central visual field is common when the retina is detached. Reduced visual acuity may persist after the fluid has disappeared
eyeWIKI : CSR causes unilateral vision loss usually in males due to development of sub-retinal fluid, typically between the ages of 20 and 50 years old. However, females with CSCR usually are older than males.
【評論主題】78.下列何者是組織結構蛋白（structural proteins）缺損引起的遺傳性疾病？(A)埃勒斯－當洛症候群（Ehlers-Danlos syndrome）(B)黏多醣貯積症（mucopoly
【評論內容】
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common type, known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease, becomes apparent around three to six months of age with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl. (WIKIPedia)
【評論主題】55.下列那一種利尿劑最適用於急性肺水腫病人？(A)thiazide(B)ethacrynic acid(C)acetazolamide(D)spironolactone
【評論內容】
WIKIPEDIA : Etacrynic acid (INN) or ethacrynic acid (USAN), trade name Edecrin, is a loop diureticused to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.
【評論主題】51.關於抗病毒藥物acyclovir之敘述，下列何者正確？(A)為adenosine衍生物(B)須被宿主細胞之thymidine kinase加入第一個磷酸根後才易被活化產生藥效(C)只會作用於被病
【評論內容】
須被宿主細胞病毒之thymidine kinase加入第一個磷酸根後才易被活化產生藥效.
(WIKI : Aciclovir is converted by viral thymidine kinase to aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted by host cell kinases to aciclovir triphosphat)
【評論主題】54.肝硬化引起的水腫對下列何種藥物之反應最佳？(A)mannitol(B)eplerenone(C)bumetanide(D)thiazide
【評論內容】
Eplerenone is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group that is used as an adjunct in the management of chronic heart failure. Classed as a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA),[5] it is similar to the diuretic spironolactone, though it is much more selective for the mineralocorticoid receptor in comparison. (WIKIpedia)
【評論主題】53.下列何者為抗甲狀腺機能亢進藥物perchlorate主要的作用機轉？(A)阻斷甲狀腺攝取碘離子（thyroidal uptake of iodide）的作用(B)抑制甲狀腺過氧化物酶催化反應（t
【評論內容】
Potassium perchlorate has, in the past, been used therapeutically to treat hyperthyroidism resulting from Graves' disease. It impedes the accumulation of iodide in the thyroid, which blocks thyroid hormone production
【評論主題】64.對血清素（serotonin）的敘述，下列何者正確？(A)大腦和腸道分泌大多為不同之亞型（subtype）(B)消化道分泌量約占全身產量的90%(C)由胱胺酸（cystine）所合成(D)主要由
【評論內容】
Wikipedia
Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it regulates intestinal movements
Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan
【評論主題】56.有關von Willebrand factor之敘述，下列何者錯誤？(A)主要由血管平滑肌細胞製造(B)血管壁受損時，可和血小板結合(C)可直接活化血小板(D)可調控凝血第八因子（factor
【評論內容】
WIKIPEDIA : VWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively as ultra-large VWF in endothelium (in the Weibel-Palade bodies), megakaryocytes (α-granules of platelets), and subendothelial connective tissue.
【評論主題】42.有關肝臟之組織，下列何者錯誤？(A)肝細胞中的脂蛋白複體（lipoprotein complex）在電鏡下呈密心小泡（dense-cored vesicle）形態(B)肝細胞脂蛋白複體（lipo
【評論內容】
The area around the central vein, or zone 3, is most prone to ischemic damage (https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)61235-4/pdf)
【評論主題】46.關於虹膜（iris）的敘述，何項錯誤？(A)虹膜屬於眼球之纖維層（tunica fibrosa）(B)眼球之前房及後房（anterior & posterior chamber）是以虹膜為界限(
【評論內容】
https://www.slideserve.com/lilac/eye
【評論主題】51.有關運動控制（motor control），下列敘述何者正確？(A)只有來自大腦運動皮層的神經元可以控制骨骼肌收縮(B)α運動神經元細胞本體位於大腦運動皮層(C)基底核（basal nuclei
【評論內容】
Alpha motor neurons (α-MNs) innervating the head and neck are found in the brainstem; the remaining α-MNs innervate the rest of the body and are found in the spinal cord.
【評論主題】49.無論是交感神經或副交感神經興奮的作用，均可促進下列那一個腺體的分泌？(A)salivary glands(B)adrenal glands(C)gastric glands(D)acini of
【評論內容】
Wikipedia : Parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli result in an increase in salivary gland secretions.[14] The sympathetic nervous system also affects salivary gland secretions indirectly by innervating the blood vessels that supply the glands.
【評論主題】43.有關呼吸系統之組織發生病變，下列敘述何者錯誤？(A)囊腫性纖維化（cystic fibrosis）是一種好發於小孩與年輕人的遺傳性、慢性阻塞呼吸疾病(B)肺泡巨噬細胞（alveolar macr
【評論內容】
M. tuberculosis is inhaled via aerosols into the lung, where they are internalized within alveolar macrophages. Inside nonactivated macrophages (those within the center of the granuloma), mycobacteria (indicated in red) resist destruction, although macrophage activation by T cell-dependent cytokines can overcome this resistance (activated macrophages are believed to reside at the periphery of the granuloma).(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312808001546...
【評論主題】34.下列有關脾臟（spleen）發育之敘述，何項錯誤？(A)最早出現於背側胃繫膜（dorsal mesogastrium）之間(B)源自前腸（foregut）內胚層（endoderm）(C)原先位於
【評論內容】
Spleen developed from mesodermal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium. The dorsal mesogastrium connected to the spleen will be the gastrosplenic and leinorenal ligaments.
【評論主題】12.膝關節受傷扯斷脛側副韌帶（tibial collateral ligament），下列何者最可能同時受損？(A)髕骨（patella）(B)腓骨（fibula）(C)內側關節盤（medial m
【評論內容】
The unhappy triad occurs due to a lateral blow to the knee causing a rupture in the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus. Injury is most often sustained when a lateral (from the outside) force impacts the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground. The strong valgus or rotary force to the knee tears the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus all together. This type of injury occurs often in contact sports such as football, rugby, or motocross. During the injury, the leg is laterally rotated and over-abducted. In about 10% of cases, the force is applied to the opposite...
【評論主題】23.有關上縱隔（superior mediastinum）內，神經走向之敘述，下列何者正確？(A)右喉返神經（right reccurent laryngeal nerve）繞經右頭臂靜脈（righ
【評論內容】
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/643944446690015782/
【評論主題】23.有關上縱隔（superior mediastinum）內，神經走向之敘述，下列何者正確？(A)右喉返神經（right reccurent laryngeal nerve）繞經右頭臂靜脈（righ
【評論內容】
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/643944446690015782/
【評論主題】87 一向健康的一名 8 個月大男嬰，主訴前一天開始有陣發性啼哭，半天前開始解血便，理學檢查無特殊發現，你認為安排下列那一種檢查最具診斷價值？ (A)糞便細菌培養 (B)腹部 X 光攝影（Plain
【評論內容】
Diagnosing midgut volvulus by ultrasound is usually straightforward
【評論主題】60 有關外傷性腦傷（traumatic brain injury）病人之復健治療，下列敘述何者錯誤？(A)常用 Glascow coma scale（GCS）來評估病人之嚴重度 (B)若併發癲癇（s
【評論內容】
Tateno et al.2 found frontal lesions to be associated with aggression and suggest that frontal lobe injury can cause damage to the ascending serotonergic pathways, which can contribute to the pathophysiology of both depression and violent behavior.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918269/
【評論主題】43 一位 66 歲臺籍男性到內科門診看病，主訴以往每日慢跑 30 分鐘都沒什麼問題，但最近 1 個月來逐漸發現跑步 10 分鐘後有胸悶的症狀，此時休息 5 分鐘後胸悶就消失了。病人自述每日抽菸 1
【評論內容】
代謝症候群判定標準為
(1)腹部肥胖:男性的腰圍≧90cm(35吋)、女性腰圍≧80cm(31吋)。
(2) 血壓偏高:收縮壓≧130mmHg或舒張壓≧85mmHg，或是服用醫師處方高血壓治療藥物。
(3)空腹 血糖偏高：空腹血糖值≧100mg/dL，或是服用醫師處方治療糖尿病藥物。
(4)空腹三酸甘油酯 偏高：≧150mg/dL，或是服用醫師處方降三酸甘油酯藥物。
(5)高密度脂蛋白膽固醇偏低：男 性<40mg/dL、女性<50mg/dL。
以上五項組成因子，符合三項(含)以上即可判定為代謝症候群 。(https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=221)
【評論主題】36 法醫檢驗犯罪現場殘留之犯罪人體液或血液 DNA 時，常用 Polymerase Chain Reaction（PCR）方法，下列那一項關於 PCR 操作方法的敘述錯誤？ (A)需要加入鎂離子 (
【評論內容】
The key ingredients of a PCR reaction are Taq polymerase, primers, template DNA, and nucleotides (DNA building blocks).
【評論主題】25 下列關於 5-fluorouracil（5-FU）用於癌症治療作用機轉的敘述，何者正確？(A)為 folate 的類似物，可干擾 tetrahydrofolate 的形成 (B)為 inosin
【評論內容】
(Wikipedia) Fluorouracil is in the antimetabolite and pyrimidine analog families of medications.[5][6] How it works is not entirely clear but believed to involve blocking the action of thymidylate synthase and thus stopping the production of DNA.[2]
【評論主題】11 下列有關血管加壓素（vasopressin）的藥理作用敘述，何者錯誤？ (A)血管加壓素主要由腦下垂體後葉（posterior pituitary）所分泌，具有抗利尿（antidiuretic）
【評論內容】
vasopressin - volume
【評論主題】94 下列何種囊性腎病變（renal cystic disease）最常合併肝門脈區纖維化？(A)兒童多囊性腎病（childhood polycystic kidney disease）(B
【評論內容】
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
ARPKD is characterized by non-obstructive fusiform dilatation of the renal collecting ducts and malformations of the biliary tract, with ectasia of the bile ducts and periportal fibrosis . It can manifest in neonates with exaggerated kidney growth, intrauterine renal failure and pulmonary hypoplasia, or may present later with renal failure accompanied by portal and systemic hypertension. ARPKD is associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality in affected individuals who require close monitoring, surgical shunting procedures, and ki...