問題詳情
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題： As the concept of human rights is based on fairness, the exposure of so many people in poor countries to hazardousindustrial processes and toxic wastes violates their rights. This is the view of many experts. In 1994, a group of expertsmet in Geneva to compose a more general document: “Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and theEnvironment.” It proclaims, among other things, a universal human right to a “secure, healthy, ecologically soundenvironment.” But many economists give priority to economic growth because it leads to generally higher salaries and morespending power for average individuals. Market exchanges generally promote economic growth, except where publicgoods are concerned. In those cases, economists use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to identify new rules of marketexchange that maximize growth. We note problems with this approach. Economic growth does not improve human welfare if it merely reflects higherprices and longer working hours stemming from the increasing scarcity of essential items, such as land to grow crops.When governments use CBA, they give equal consideration to each dollar rather than to each person. This goes againstthe ideal of equal government concern for all citizens. Also, CBA discounts the lives of future generation, as if peopleliving later have few human rights than those living now. CBAs put all variables in dollar terms so that optimal policies can be identified mathematically. Shadow prices areassigned to whatever is not traded in markets, including human lives. Economists estimate how much people valuetheir lives in monetary terms from how much they spend on life insurance and medical care, as well as how much extrapay they demand for dangerous work. Also, when people are killed in accidents caused by negligence, jury awardssuggest common estimates of a life’s monetary worth. The problem is that on such measures an average human life in apoor country is worth much less money than an American, European, or Japanese life. This denies an equal humanright to life.
【題組】46 Which of the following is a suitable title for this passage?
(A)How Much Money Is a Human Life Worth?
(B)Human Rights and the Environment
(C)Human Rights vs. CBA
(D)How to Use CBA
參考答案
答案：A
難度：困難0.217391
統計：A(5),B(4),C(11),D(3),E(0)