二、克漏字：
I.    Literacy is the ability to understand graphic symbols and through them, communicate
and process complex ideas； it is to read, to write, and to use mathematics. Subcategories of
literacy, generally speaking, refer to our ability to understand and interpret the information
various channels convey. When you know how to verify information on current events, to
determine what information is believable, you are news   11     .
    Lately, there has been renewed interest in what's been called “fake news.” Though the
term is relatively new, it is considered as an expansion of the definition of yellow journalism.
Both terms describe misinformation. Yellow journalism is, generally speaking, exaggerated and
poorly researched news. Fake news, on the other hand, also includes   12    information,
satire unwittingly passed on as fact, misleadingly manipulated information (such as altered
photos), and outdated information.
    In short, you should care because misinformation can harm you and the people and things
you care about. Real news gives you a better shot at health and happiness. Put simply, poor
information leads to poor decision-making. A bad financial tip may convince you to make a bad
investment. A person might eat a poisonous substance based on dietary misinformation. And
false or misleading information may convince voters to elect legislators who work against the
public interest.   13     , accurate information enables us to make better decisions.
    Because not a few people actually fall for misinformation, being able to spot it is essential.
That is why the press is so valuable to democracy. But, unfortunately, it appears that students
in the U.S. do have significant difficulty   14     between trustworthy and unreliable news
sources. For example, according to a 2016 Stanford University study of over 7,800 junior-high,
high-school, and college students, 80% of subjects believed an advertisement that contained the
phrase “sponsored content” was an actual news story.
    To determine if a source merits trust, one of the tricks that help expose the manipulation
of information is to decide whether the story is reported anywhere else or not. Of course, sources
may differ concerning the interpretation of facts, but if the facts of a story are not being reported
elsewhere, you may be looking at a   15      source. Information professionals call verifying
information through other sources “triangulation.”
【題組】11.
(A) reciprocity
(B) savvy
(C) initiative
(D) tenacity