Use only English to answer the following questions. Your answers will be graded on the clarity of the exposition,as well as on the appropriateness, correctness and relevance of the particular examples and facts that you use toillustrate or to support your points. I. Below is the full transcript of a podcast selected from Scientific American. This podcast involves a narrator andverbal recordings of a professional (enclosed by quotes). Piease read through the transcript carefully and summarizewith your own words. Limit your answers to 300 words (25%). BRAIN SIDES ARE BOTH BUSY IN NEW LANGUAGE LEARNING Anyone who has tried to learn a now language as an adult knows how hard it can be. And usually the ability tocomprehend someone else comes before the capacity for speaking the new tongue. "When you're listening, you can kind of gloss over the details. So, you may not need to understand every single syllable,every single word perfectly."Cognitive neuroscientist Kshipra Gurunandan, of the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language. But actuallyspeaking a new language fluently takes much more work. "Adults are not quite able to reproduce or really hear foreign sounds." Gurunandan suspected that, as we learn, the relative ease of comprehension might be explained by changes in the area ofthe brain that processes language. It's been known since the 1 800s that, for most people, the left hemisphere of the brain isessential for language. "However, in more recent times, we've started to realize that it's not quite that simple." For example, when people suffer brain injuries to the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere can take over language tasks.That flexibility suggests that language is not the exclusive domain of the lett hemisphere. To find out if the two sidcs of the brain process comprehension and speech differently during language learning,Gurunandan and her team scanned the brains of Spanish-speaking volunteers who were learning either Basque or English."They performed language tasks in the scanner involving reading, listening, and speaking in their native and their newlanguage. And then we looked at whether activation in the language regions was greater in the left hemisphere or the righthemisphere for each of the languages in each task."The rescarchers found that speaking primarily activated language regions in the left side of the brain no matter howadvanced the language learner was. But reading and listening comprehension were much more variable. "In the earliest stages of language learning the native and new languages tended to activate the same hemisphere, while inthe more advanced learners they activated diffcrent hemispheres. And the switch from the same to the oppositehemispheres was largest in reading, it was slightly smaller in listening and it was non-existent in speaking."

The researchers reason that speech may be more constrained to the left hemisphere because it contains specialized circuits

dedicated to the motor control of speech production.
 "While in comprehension, you have the auditory system'and the visual system, which are more bilateral--and it'spossible that is why comprebension is more bilateral in the brain." 

The study is in the Journal of Neuroscience. (Kshipra Gurunandan, et al. (2020). Converging evidence for differentialspecialisation and plasticity of language systems] Learning a new language will always be challenging, but Gurunandan says you shouldn't let that stop you. "Language learning is a hard skill. It's hard for everybody. But it's not because of your brain plasticity. You can learnwords, you can learn grammar rules, your language learning capacity is just fine." As long as you maintain your joie de vivre. Scientific American 60 Second Science December 16.2020