11 題至第 15 題
         For more than ten years, sociologist Martin Jankowski did participant observation of thirty-seven gangs in Boston, Los Angeles, and New York City. __11__ stereotypes, Jankowski did not find that the motive for joining was to escape from a broken home because there were as many members from __12__ as from broken homes. Neither did Jankowski find that they joined to seek a substitute family since as many boys said they were close to their families as said they were not. Rather, the boys joined to gain access to money, to have __13__ , such as girls and drugs, to maintain anonymity in committing crimes, to get protection, and to help the community.This last reason may seem surprising, but in some neighborhoods, gangs protect residents from outsiders. The boys also saw the gang as a(n) __14__ to the dead-end jobs held by their parents.
          Neighborhood residents are __15__ about gangs. On the one hand, they fear the violence. On the other hand, many adults once belonged to gangs, and stated that since gang members are the children of people who live in the neighborhood, they often provide better protection than the police.
【題組】11
(A) Owing to
(B) As a result of
(C) In opposition to
(D) In agreement with